Awesome-AI-Papers

This repository is used to collect papers and code in the field of AI. The contents contain the following parts:

Table of Content

• NLP
  • Word2Vec
  • Seq2Seq
  • Pretraining
    • Large Language Model
    • LLM Application
    • LLM Technique
    • LLM Theory
    • Chinese Model
• CV
• Multimodal
  • Audio
  • BLIP
  • CLIP
  • Diffusion Model
  • Multimodal LLM
  • Text2Image
  • Text2Video
  • Survey for Multimodal
• Reinforcement Learning
• GNN
• Transformer Architecture

  ├─ NLP/  
  │  ├─ Word2Vec/  
  │  ├─ Seq2Seq/           
  │  └─ Pretraining/  
  │    ├─ Large Language Model/          
  │    ├─ LLM Application/ 
  │      ├─ AI Agent/          
  │      ├─ Academic/          
  │      ├─ Code/       
  │      ├─ Financial Application/
  │      ├─ Information Retrieval/  
  │      ├─ Math/     
  │      ├─ Medicine and Law/   
  │      ├─ Recommend System/      
  │      └─ Tool Learning/             
  │    ├─ LLM Technique/ 
  │      ├─ Alignment/          
  │      ├─ Context Length/          
  │      ├─ Corpus/       
  │      ├─ Evaluation/
  │      ├─ Hallucination/  
  │      ├─ Inference/     
  │      ├─ MoE/   
  │      ├─ PEFT/     
  │      ├─ Prompt Learning/   
  │      ├─ RAG/       
  │      └─ Reasoning and Planning/       
  │    ├─ LLM Theory/       
  │    └─ Chinese Model/             
  ├─ CV/  
  │  ├─ CV Application/          
  │  ├─ Contrastive Learning/         
  │  ├─ Foundation Model/ 
  │  ├─ Generative Model (GAN and VAE)/          
  │  ├─ Image Editing/          
  │  ├─ Object Detection/          
  │  ├─ Semantic Segmentation/            
  │  └─ Video/          
  ├─ Multimodal/       
  │  ├─ Audio/          
  │  ├─ BLIP/         
  │  ├─ CLIP/        
  │  ├─ Diffusion Model/   
  │  ├─ Multimodal LLM/          
  │  ├─ Text2Image/          
  │  ├─ Text2Video/            
  │  └─ Survey/           
  │─ Reinforcement Learning/ 
  │─ GNN/ 
  └─ Transformer Architecture/          

---

NLP

1. Word2Vec

• Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space, Mikolov et al., arxiv 2013. [paper]
• Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality, Mikolov et al., NIPS 2013. [paper]
• Distributed representations of sentences and documents, Le and Mikolov, ICML 2014. [paper]
• Word2vec Explained: deriving Mikolov et al.'s negative-sampling word-embedding method, Goldberg and Levy, arxiv 2014. [paper]
• word2vec Parameter Learning Explained, Rong, arxiv 2014. [paper]
• Glove: Global vectors for word representation.，Pennington et al., EMNLP 2014. [paper][code]
• fastText: Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification, Joulin et al., arxiv 2016. [paper][code]
• ELMo: Deep Contextualized Word Representations, Peters et al., NAACL 2018. [paper]
• Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network, Hinton et al., arxiv 2015. [paper][FitNets]
• BPE: Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units, Sennrich et al., ACL 2016. [paper][code][Glitch Tokens][Say Anything but This]
• Byte-Level BPE: Neural Machine Translation with Byte-Level Subwords, Wang et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code]

2. Seq2Seq

• Generating Sequences With Recurrent Neural Networks, Graves, arxiv 2013. [paper]
• Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks, Sutskever et al., NeruIPS 2014. [paper]
• Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate, Bahdanau et al., ICLR 2015. [paper][code]
• On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches, Cho et al., arxiv 2014. [paper]
• Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation, Cho et al., arxiv 2014. [paper]
• [fairseq][fairseq2][fairscale][pytorch-seq2seq]

3. Pretraining

• Attention Is All You Need, Vaswani et al., NIPS 2017. [paper][code]

• GPT: Improving language understanding by generative pre-training, Radford et al., preprint 2018. [paper][code]

• GPT-2: Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners, Radford et al., OpenAI blog 2019. [paper][code][llm.c]

• GPT-3: Language Models are Few-Shot Learners, Brown et al., NeurIPS 2020. [paper][code][nanoGPT][build-nanogpt][gpt-fast][modded-nanogpt][Beyond NanoGPT][nanotron]

• InstructGPT: Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback, Ouyang et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][MOSS-RLHF][nanochat]

• BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding, Devlin et al., NAACL 2019 Best Paper. [paper][code][BERT-pytorch][bert4torch][bert4keras][ModernBERT][What Should We Learn From ModernBERT]

• RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach, Liu et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code][Chinese-BERT-wwm]

• What Does BERT Look At: An Analysis of BERT's Attention, Clark et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code]

• DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attention, He et al., ICLR 2021. [paper][code]

• DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter Sanh et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code][albert_pytorch]

• BERT Rediscovers the Classical NLP Pipeline, Tenney et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code]

• How to Fine-Tune BERT for Text Classification?, Sun et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code]

• TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English, Eldan and Li, arxiv 2023. [paper][dataset][phi-4][SmolLM][SmolLM2][SmolVLM][Computational Bottlenecks of Training Small-scale Large Language Models][SLMs-Survey][MiniLLM][aligning_tinystories][The Smol Training Playbook]

• [LLM101n][EurekaLabsAI][llm-course][intro-llm][llm-cookbook][hugging-llm][generative-ai-for-beginners][awesome-generative-ai-guide][LLMs-from-scratch][llm-action][llms_idx][tiny-universe][AISystem][LLM Architecture Gallery]

• [cs230-code-examples][victoresque/pytorch-template][songquanpeng/pytorch-template][Academic-project-page-template][WritingAIPaper]

• [tokenizer_summary][minbpe][tokenizers][tiktoken][OpenAI Harmony][SentencePiece][Cosmos-Tokenizer][tiktokenizer]

3.1 Large Language Model

• A Survey of Large Language Models, Zhao etal., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][LLMBox][LLMBook-zh][LLMsPracticalGuide][Foundations-of-LLMs]
• Efficient Large Language Models: A Survey, Wan et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models, Kaddour et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]
• A Comprehensive Survey on Pretrained Foundation Models: A History from BERT to ChatGPT, Zhou et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]
• From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q (Q-Star): A Survey of Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscape*, Mclntosh et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][AGI-survey]
• A Survey of Resource-efficient LLM and Multimodal Foundation Models, Xu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• Large Language Models: A Survey, Minaee et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Foundations of Large Language Models]
• Anthropic: Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, Bai et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]
• Anthropic: Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback, Bai et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]
• Anthropic: Model Card and Evaluations for Claude Models, Anthropic, 2023. [paper]
• Anthropic: The Claude 3 Model Family: Opus, Sonnet, Haiku, Anthropic, 2024. [paper][Claude 3.5][Introducing Claude 4]
• BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model, BigScience Workshop, arxiv 2022. [paper][code][model]
• OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]
• Chinchilla: Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models, Hoffmann et al., arxiv 2022. [paper]
• Gopher: Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher, Rae et al., arxiv 2021. [paper]
• GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Model, Black et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]
• Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models, Gemini Team, Google, arxiv 2023. [paper][Gemini 1.0][Gemini 1.5][Gemini 2.5][Unofficial Implementation][MiniGemini][Gemini Fullstack LangGraph Quickstart][GenAI Processors][Computer Use Preview]
• Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology, Google DeepMind, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][google-deepmind/gemma][gemma.cpp][model][paligemma][gemma-cookbook]
• Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size, Google Team, 2024. [paper][blog][Advancing Responsible AI with Gemma][Gemma Scope][ShieldGemma][Gemma-2-9B-Chinese-Chat]
• Gemma 3 Technical Report, Gemma Team, 2025. [blog][paper][Gemma 3n][Gemma 4]
• GPT-4 Technical Report, OpenAI, arxiv 2023. [blog][paper]
• GPT-4V(ision) System Card, OpenAI, OpenAI blog 2023. [paper][GPT-4o][GPT-4o System Card]
• [gpt-oss][OpenAI Harmony][Deliberative Alignment][From GPT-2 to gpt-oss]
• Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence_Early experiments with GPT-4, Bubeck et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]
• The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision), Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][guidance]
• LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applications, Thoppilan et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][LaMDA-rlhf-pytorch]
• LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models, Touvron et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][llama.cpp][ollama][llamafile]
• Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models, Touvron et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][llama2.c][lit-llama][litgpt]
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models, Llama Team, AI @ Meta, 2024. [blog][paper][code][llama-models][llama-recipes][LLM Adaptation][Llama-Nemotron: Efficient Reasoning Models][llama3-from-scratch][nano-llama31][minimind][felafax][5-Dollar LLM]
• Llama 3.2: Revolutionizing edge AI and vision with open, customizable models, 2024. [blog][model][llama-stack][llama-stack-apps][lingua][llama-assistant][minimind-v][nanoVLM][Llama3.2-Vision-Finetune]
• The Llama 4 herd: The beginning of a new era of natively multimodal AI innovation, Llama Team, AI @ Meta, 2025. [blog][llama-models][J1][The Llama 4 Herd][Muse Spark]
• TinyLlama: An Open-Source Small Language Model, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LiteLlama][MobiLlama][Steel-LLM][minimind][Cortex][tiny-llm-zh][SkyLadder]
• Stanford Alpaca: An Instruction-following LLaMA Model, Taori et al., Stanford blog 2023. [paper][code][Alpaca-Lora][OpenAlpaca]
• Mistral 7B, Jiang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][model][mistral-finetune]
• OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models, Groeneveld et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][OLMo2 blog][OLMo2 paper][Olmo 3][Dolma Dataset][Molmo and PixMo][Molmo][Molmo2][Pangea]
• TÜLU 3: Pushing Frontiers in Open Language Model Post-Training, Lambert et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• Minerva: Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models, Lewkowycz et al., arxiv 2022. [paper]
• PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways, Chowdhery et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][PaLM-pytorch][PaLM-rlhf-pytorch][PaLM]
• PaLM 2 Technical Report, Anil et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][AudioPaLM]
• PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Model, Driess et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• T5: Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer, Raffel et al., Journal of Machine Learning Research 2020. [paper][code][t5-pytorch][t5-pegasus-pytorch][nanoT5][T5Gemma][T5Gemma 2]
• BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension, Lewis et al., ACL 2020. [paper][code]
• FLAN: Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners, Wei et al., ICLR 2022. [paper][code]
• Scaling Flan: Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models, Chung et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][model]
• Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Context, Dai et al., ACL 2019. [paper][code]
• XLNet: Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding, Yang et al., NeurIPS 2019. [paper][code]
• WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback, Nakano et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][MS-MARCO-Web-Search][WebAgent]
• Open Release of Grok-1, xAI, 2024. [blog][code][model][grok-prompts][modelscope][hpcai-tech/grok-1][dbrx][Command R+][Command A][snowflake-arctic]
• LLaDA: Large Language Diffusion Models, Nie et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][LLaDA 1.5][LLaDA2.X][LLaDA-V][LLaDA-o][SMDM][Diffusion-LLM-Papers][Diffusion-LM][BD3-LM][mdlm][Dream][DiffuLLaMA][d1][Gemini Diffusion][MMaDA][dLLM-RL][LaViDa][Diffusion vs. Autoregressive Language Models][DLLM-Survey][dKV-Cache][dLLM-cache][Fast-dLLM][dInfer][Seed Diffusion][SDAR][Open-dLLM][LLaDA Pretraining][dllm][SDLM][DiRL][WeDLM][d3LLM][DLLM-Searcher]
• Jet-Nemotron: Efficient Language Model with Post Neural Architecture Search, Gu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][NVIDIA Nemotron Nano 2][Nemotron Nano][Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI][Nemotron-Flash][Jet-RL]
• NVIDIA Nemotron 3: Efficient and Open Intelligenc, NVIDIA, arxiv 2025. [blog][paper][code][Nemotron 3 Nano][Nemotron 3 Super][NeMo][Nemotron-Cascade 2][ProRL-Agent-Server]

3.2 LLM Application

• A Watermark for Large Language Models, Kirchenbauer et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][MarkLLM][Watermarked_LLM_Identification][Awesome-LLM-Watermark]

• SynthID-Text: Scalable watermarking for identifying large language model outputs, Dathathri et al., Nature 2024. [paper][code][watermark-anything][VideoSeal][Image/Video Detection]

• SeqXGPT: Sentence-Level AI-Generated Text Detection, Wang et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code][llm-detect-ai][detect-gpt][fast-detect-gpt][ImBD][MAGE]

• AlpaGasus: Training A Better Alpaca with Fewer Data, Chen et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• AutoMix: Automatically Mixing Language Models, Madaan et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• ChipNeMo: Domain-Adapted LLMs for Chip Design, Liu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][semikong][circuit_training][semikong][Automating GPU Kernel Generation][CUDA-L1][VibeTensor][KernelGYM][CUDA Agent]

• HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Face, Shen et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code]

• MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems, Packer et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Zep][zep-python][graphiti]

• UFO: A UI-Focused Agent for Windows OS Interaction, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][UFO2][OSWorld][aguvis][Large Action Models]

• OS-Copilot: Towards Generalist Computer Agents with Self-Improvement, Wu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][OS-Atlas][OS-Genesis][SeeClick][WindowsAgentArena]

• AIOS: LLM Agent Operating System, Mei et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• DB-GPT: Empowering Database Interactions with Private Large Language Models, Xue et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][DocsGPT][privateGPT][localGPT]

• OpenChat: Advancing Open-source Language Models with Mixed-Quality Data, Wang et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• OpenCodeInterpreter: Integrating Code Generation with Execution and Refinement, Zheng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][code-interpreter][open-interpreter]

• Orca: Progressive Learning from Complex Explanation Traces of GPT-4, Mukherjee et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• PDFTriage: Question Answering over Long, Structured Documents, Saad-Falcon et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][[code]]

• Prompt2Model: Generating Deployable Models from Natural Language Instructions, Viswanathan et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code]

• Shepherd: A Critic for Language Model Generation, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Alpaca: A Strong, Replicable Instruction-Following Model, Taori et al., Stanford Blog 2023. [paper][code]

• Vicuna: An Open-Source Chatbot Impressing GPT-4 with 90% ChatGPT Quality*, Chiang et al., 2023. [blog][Chinese-Vicuna]

• WizardLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Follow Complex Instructions, Xu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• WebCPM: Interactive Web Search for Chinese Long-form Question Answering, Qin et al., ACL 2023. [paper][code]

• WebGLM: Towards An Efficient Web-Enhanced Question Answering System with Human Preferences, Liu et al., KDD 2023. [paper][code][AutoWebGLM][WebRL][AutoCrawler][gpt-crawler][webllama][gpt-researcher][skyvern][Scrapegraph-ai][Crawl4AI][Firecrawl][crawlee-python][Agent-E][CyberScraper-2077][browser-use][BrowserOS][nova-act][ReaderLM-v2][Scrapling]

• LLM4Decompile: Decompiling Binary Code with Large Language Models, Tan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper] [code]

• MobileLLM: Optimizing Sub-billion Parameter Language Models for On-Device Use Cases, Liu et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][Awesome-LLMs-on-device]

• MobileVLM : A Fast, Strong and Open Vision Language Assistant for Mobile Devices, Chu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][MobileVLM V2][BlueLM-V-3B][XiaoMi/mobilevlm]

• The Oscars of AI Theater: A Survey on Role-Playing with Language Models, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][RPBench-Auto][Hermes 3 Technical Report][From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agents][MMRole][OpenCharacter]

• Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models, Gunter et al., arxiv 2024. [blog][paper]

• Controllable Text Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey, Liang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][guidance][outlines][instructor][marvin][json_repair]

• [ray][dify][Coze Studio][academy][ant-ray][dask][TaskingAI][gpt4all][ollama][llama.cpp][mindsdb][bisheng][phidata][guidance][outlines][jsonformer][fabric][mem0][taipy][langflow]

• [awesome-llm-apps][fastc][Awesome-Domain-LLM][agents][ai-app-lab]

• [chatgpt-on-wechat][dify-on-wechat][WeClone][LLM-As-Chatbot][NextChat][chatbox][cherry-studio][ChatWise][khoj][HuixiangDou][Streamer-Sales][Tianji][metahuman-stream][aiavatarkit][ai-getting-started][chatnio][VideoChat][livetalking][OpenClaw][NanoClaw][nanobot][ClawTeam][ClawWork][CLI-Anything][CoPaw][NemoClaw][Hermes Agent][hermes-docs]

3.2.1 AI Agent

• LLM Powered Autonomous Agents, Lilian Weng, 2023. [blog][The Second Half][Language Agents][AI Agents for Beginners][LLMAgentPapers][LLM-Agents-Papers][awesome-language-agents][Awesome-Papers-Autonomous-Agent][GUI-Agents-Paper-List][ai-agent-white-paper][EMNLP 2024 Tutorial: Language Agents]

• A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agents, Wang et al., [paper][code][LLM-Agent-Paper-Digest][awesome-lifelong-llm-agent][Agentic Web]

• The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey, Xi et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents][Awesome-Foundation-Agents]

• Agent AI: Surveying the Horizons of Multimodal Interaction, Durante et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Position Paper: Agent AI Towards a Holistic Intelligence, Huang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Adaptation of Agentic AI, Jiang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Toward Efficient Agents]

• AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents, Liu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][VisualAgentBench][OSWorld][AgentGym][Agent-as-a-Judge][intellagent][Survey on Evaluation of LLM-based Agents][AgentRewardBench][TaskCraft][OAgents]

• Agents: An Open-source Framework for Autonomous Language Agents, Zhou et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Symbolic Learning Enables Self-Evolving Agents]

• AutoAgents: A Framework for Automatic Agent Generation, Chen et al., IJCAI 2024. [paper][code]

• AgentTuning: Enabling Generalized Agent Abilities for LLMs, Zeng et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code]

• AgentVerse: Facilitating Multi-Agent Collaboration and Exploring Emergent Behaviors, Chen et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][digirl][Android-Lab][AppAgentX][AgentCPM-GUI][AgentCPM]

• Mobile-Agent: Autonomous Multi-Modal Mobile Device Agent with Visual Perception, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Mobile-Agent-v2][Mobile-Agent-v3][Mobile-Agent-v3.5][LiMAC][Mobile-Agent-E][Mobile-Agent-V][PC-Agent][UI-S1][mobile-use]

• OmniParser for Pure Vision Based GUI Agent, Lu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][GUI-Actor][Phi-Ground Tech Report][Agent-S][The Dawn of GUI Agent][ShowUI][ShowUI-π][ShowUI-Aloha][Aria-UI][aguvis][TinyClick][InfiGUIAgent][autoMate][Fara-7B][GELab-Zero][ClawGUI]

• AutoGLM: Autonomous Foundation Agents for GUIs, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][CogAgent][Android-Lab][MobileRL]

• UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agents, Qin et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][UI-TARS-desktop][UI-TARS-2][Game-TARS][midscene][browser-use][BrowserOS][computer_use_ootb][Agent-S][open-operator][STEVE-R1][UI-R1][InfiGUI-R1][r1-computer-use][cua][GUI-G1][ZeroGUI][OpenCUA][UI-Venus][ScaleCUA][TuriX-CUA][MAI-UI][Computer Use Preview][EvoCUA][MobileWorld][Code2World][Page Agent]

• PC Agent: While You Sleep, AI Works -- A Cognitive Journey into Digital World, He et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][PC-Agent-E][PPTAgent][PosterAgent][MultiAgentPPT][PresentAgent][GenericAgent]

• Personal LLM Agents: Insights and Survey about the Capability, Efficiency and Security, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][OS-Agent-Survey][ACU][Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey][LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation][Aguvis][awesome-computer-use]

• AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversation, Wu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][AG2][RD-Agent][TinyTroupe][NLWeb][Magentic-UI]

• CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Society, Li et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][crab][OASIS]

• OWL: Optimized Workforce Learning for General Multi-Agent Assistance in Real-World Task Automation, Hu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][AgentOrchestra][Eigent][Agent World]

• ChatDev: Communicative Agents for Software Development, Qian et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][gpt-pilot][Scaling Large-Language-Model-based Multi-Agent Collaboration][ProactiveAgent][FilmAgent]

• MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework, Hong et al., ICLR 2024 Oral. [paper][code][OpenManus][OpenManus-RL][ReCode]

• ProAgent: From Robotic Process Automation to Agentic Process Automation, Ye et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• RepoAgent: An LLM-Powered Open-Source Framework for Repository-level Code Documentation Generation, Luo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior, Park et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][genagents][GPTeam]

• CogAgent: A Visual Language Model for GUI Agents, Hong et al., CVPR 2024 Highlight. [paper][code][CogAgent][blog][AgentCPM-GUI]

• OpenAgents: An Open Platform for Language Agents in the Wild, Xie et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][OpenAgents]

• TaskWeaver: A Code-First Agent Framework, Qiao et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• AutoAgent: A Fully-Automated and Zero-Code Framework for LLM Agents, Tang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Auto-Deep-Research]

• MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledge, Fan et al., NeurIPS 2022 Outstanding Paper. [paper][code]

• Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][WebVoyager][OpenWebVoyager][PAE]

• Eureka: Human-Level Reward Design via Coding Large Language Models, Ma et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][DrEureka][MM-EUREKA]

• LEGENT: Open Platform for Embodied Agents, Cheng et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][EmbodiedEval]

• Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web, Deng et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][Mind2Web 2][AutoWebGLM]

• WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents, Zhou et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][visualwebarena][agent-workflow-memory][WindowsAgentArena]

• SeeAct: GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded, Zheng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][WebDreamer]

• Learning to Model the World with Language, Lin et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code]

• Cradle: Empowering Foundation Agents Towards General Computer Control, Tan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• AgentScope: A Flexible yet Robust Multi-Agent Platform, Gao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][AgentScope Java][MS-Agent]

• AgentGym: Evolving Large Language Model-based Agents across Diverse Environments, Xi et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Internet of Agents: Weaving a Web of Heterogeneous Agents for Collaborative Intelligence, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][iAgents][cooragent]

• CLASI: Towards Achieving Human Parity on End-to-end Simultaneous Speech Translation via LLM Agent, ByteDance Research, 2024. [paper][translation-agent]

• Automated Design of Agentic Systems, Hu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MaAS][Agent Zero][AgentK][AFlow][syftr][ASI-Arch]

• New tools for building agents, OpenAI, 2025. [blog][OpenAI Agents SDK][Agent Development Kit][Claude Agent SDK][openai-cua-sample-app][swarm][A practical guide to building agents][Customer Service Agents Demo][adk-python][agents-deep-research][Building effective agents][Writing effective tools for agents][How we built our multi-agent research system][Building multi-agent systems][Multi-agent coordination patterns][Don't Build Multi-Agents][Choosing the Right Multi-Agent Architecture][Context Engineering for AI Agents][Context Engineering][Dynamic context discovery][Self-summarization][Effective context engineering for AI agents][Building agents with the Claude Agent SDK][Advanced tool use][Unrolling the Codex agent loop][Harness engineering][Harness design][Awesome Harness Engineering][Scaling Managed Agents]

• Equipping agents for the real world with Agent Skills, Anthropic, 2025. [blog][code][anthropics/skills][openai/skills][huggingface/skills][Building agents with Skills][A complete guide to building skills for Claude][Improving skill-creator][Awesome OpenClaw Skills]

• Agent Teams: Orchestrate teams of Claude Code sessions, Anthropic, 2026. [Claude Code Docs]

• SkillNet: Create, Evaluate, and Connect AI Skills, Liang et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][SkillRL][MemSkill][AutoSkill][XSkill][MagicSkills][Trace2Skill][SkillCraft][SkillClaw][SkillZero][Meta-Harness]

• Mem0: Building Production-Ready AI Agents with Scalable Long-Term Memory, Chhikara et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][MemGPT][Agent Workflow Memory][A-mem][Rethinking Memory in AI][Memvid][Memory OS][Awesome AI Memory][MemAgent][MemOS][MIRIX][memU][LangMem][memori][A-MEM][LongMemEval][LightMem][Memory in the Age of AI Agents][Awesome-Memory-for-Agents][EverMemOS][SimpleMem][OpenViking][Claude-Mem][Supermemory][MemPalace][MemBrain][EverOS]

• Alita: Generalist Agent Enabling Scalable Agentic Reasoning with Minimal Predefinition and Maximal Self-Evolution, Qiu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][OpenAlita][DataRater][MCP-Zero][Self-Evolving-Agents][GEM][AgentEvolver][EvoMap Evolver][Hermes Agent][HyperAgents]

• Seeing, Listening, Remembering, and Reasoning: A Multimodal Agent with Long-Term Memory, Long et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][WebExplorer][TeleMem][Gated Recurrent Memory for Long-Context Reasoning][Memory Intelligence Agent]

• Youtu-Agent: Scaling Agent Productivity with Automated Generation and Hybrid Policy Optimization, Shi et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Training-Free GRPO][Youtu-VL][Youtu-Parsing]

• MetaClaw: Just Talk -- An Agent That Meta-Learns and Evolves in the Wild, Xia et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][AutoResearchClaw][Agent0][SkillRL][MemSkill][SkillClaw]

• Foundation Models in Robotics: Applications, Challenges, and the Future, Firoozi et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Awesome-Implicit-NeRF-Robotics]

• Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AI, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scale, Brohan et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code][IRASim]

• RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control, Brohan et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][Unofficial Implementation][RT-H: Action Hierarchies Using Language][RoboMamba]

• Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models, Open X-Embodiment Collaboration, arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Safari SDK]

• Shaping the future of advanced robotics, Google DeepMind 2024. [blog][Gemini Robotics][Evaluating Gemini Robotics Policies in a Veo World Simulator][Gemini Robotics-ER 1.6]

• RoboGen: Towards Unleashing Infinite Data for Automated Robot Learning via Generative Simulation, Wang et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][Genesis][RoboTwin]

• Unleashing Large-Scale Video Generative Pre-training for Visual Robot Manipulation, Wu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][Moto][BridgeVLA]

• RL-GPT: Integrating Reinforcement Learning and Code-as-policy, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Genie: Generative Interactive Environments, Bruce et al., ICML 2024 Best Paper. [paper][Genie 2][Genie 3][genie2-pytorch][TinyWorlds][GameNGen][GameGen-X][GameFactory][Unbounded][open-oasis][DIAMOND][WHAM][dreamerv3][AssistanceZero][MineWorld][Multiverse][Matrix-Game][Hunyuan-GameCraft-1.0][Game-TARS][NitroGen][solaris][GameWorld]

• Mobile ALOHA: Learning Bimanual Mobile Manipulation with Low-Cost Whole-Body Teleoperation, Fu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Hardware Code][Learning Code][UMI][humanplus][TeleVision][Surgical Robot Transformer][lifelike-agility-and-play][ReKep][Open_Duck_Mini][Learning Visual Parkour from Generated Images][ASAP][UniAct][CogACT][Berkeley-Humanoid-Lite]

• RoboVerse: Towards a Unified Platform, Dataset and Benchmark for Scalable and Generalizable Robot Learning, Geng et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][ViTacFormer]

• RDT-1B: a Diffusion Foundation Model for Bimanual Manipulation, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Video Prediction Policy][Humanoid-Gym][RoboMaster][OpenWBT][BridgeVLA][3D Diffusion Policy][MolmoB0T]

• Octo: An Open-Source Generalist Robot Policy, Ghosh et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][BodyTransformer][crossformer][VideoMimic]

• GRUtopia: Dream General Robots in a City at Scale, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][InternVLA-A1][InternDataEngine]

• HPT: Scaling Proprioceptive-Visual Learning with Heterogeneous Pre-trained Transformers, Wang et al., NeurIPS 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code][GenSim][EmbodiedOneVision]

• MLLM as Retriever: Interactively Learning Multimodal Retrieval for Embodied Agents, Yue et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][SpatialLM][3D-R1][RynnEC]

• GR00T N1: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Humanoid Robots, NVIDIA, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][IsaacLab][IsaacGymEnvs][OmniIsaacGymEnvs][MuJoCo Playground][DreamGen][MimicGen][Spirit-v1.5][TextOp][JDT Embodied Intelligence Infrastructure]

• RoboBrain 2.0 Technical Report, BAAI RoboBrain Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][RoboBrain][RoboBrain 2.5][RoboBrain-X0][RoboOS][GR-3 Technical Report][GR-RL][Robix][RLinf][Wall-X][RoboOmni][GigaBrain-0][GigaWorld-0][RynnBrain][Ctrl-World][HY-Embodied]

• Robot Learning: A Tutorial, Capuano et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][XLeRobot][Every-Embodied]

• [LeRobot][Genesis][DORA][awesome-ai-agents][IsaacLab][IsaacGymEnvs][OmniIsaacGymEnvs][Isaac-GR00T][Awesome-Robotics-3D][AimRT][agibot_x1_train][Agibot-World][unitree_IL_lerobot][unitree_rl_gym][openpi]

• [AutoGPT][GPT-Engineer][AgentGPT][OpenManus][owl][AgenticSeek][langmanus][DeerFlow][JoyAgent-JDGenie][Open Claude Cowork][openwork][OpenWork]

• [BabyAGI][SuperAGI][OpenAGI]

• [open-interpreter][Homepage][rawdog][OpenCodeInterpreter]

• XAgent: An Autonomous Agent for Complex Task Solving, [blog][code]

• [crewAI][phidata][PraisonAI][llama_deploy][gpt-computer-assistant][agentic_patterns][pydantic-ai][PocketFlow][suna]

• [swarm][swarms][AgentStack][multi-agent-orchestrator][smolagents][agent-service-toolkit][agno][ANUS][AutoAgent][AgentIQ][Agent-Reach]

• [translation-agent][agent-zero][AgentK][evolving-agents][EvoAgentX][DGM][Twitter Personality][RD-Agent][TinyTroupe][Hello-Agents][Hermes Agent]

3.2.2 Academic

• Pangu Weather: Accurate medium-range global weather forecasting with 3D neural networks, Bi et al., Nature 2023. [paper][code][arxiv]

• Skilful nowcasting of extreme precipitation with NowcastNet, Zhang et al., Nature 2023. [paper][code][graphcast][OpenCastKit][GenCast][PhiFlow][cBottle][PhysicsNeMo][Earth2Studio]

• MatterGen: A generative model for inorganic materials design, Zeni et al., Nature 2025. [paper][code][mattersim]

• Galactica: A Large Language Model for Science, Taylor et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• K2: A Foundation Language Model for Geoscience Knowledge Understanding and Utilization, Deng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][pdf_parser]

• GeoGalactica: A Scientific Large Language Model in Geoscience, Lin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][sciparser][GeoGPT][Earth-Agent]

• BatteryML:An Open-source platform for Machine Learning on Battery Degradation, Zhang et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• EconAgent: Large Language Model-Empowered Agents for Simulating Macroeconomic Activities, Li et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][Large Language Models Empowered Agent-based Modeling and Simulation: A Survey and Perspectives]

• Scientific Large Language Models: A Survey on Biological & Chemical Domains, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][sciknoweval]

• SciGLM: Training Scientific Language Models with Self-Reflective Instruction Annotation and Tuning, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• ChemLLM: A Chemical Large Language Model, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][model]

• LangCell: Language-Cell Pre-training for Cell Identity Understanding, Zhao et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][scFoundation]

• SPIQA: A Dataset for Multimodal Question Answering on Scientific Papers, Pramanick et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• STORM: Assisting in Writing Wikipedia-like Articles From Scratch with Large Language Models, Shao et al., NAACL 2024. [paper][code][Co-STORM EMNLP 2024][WikiChat][kiroku][gpt-researcher][OmniThink]

• Automated Peer Reviewing in Paper SEA: Standardization, Evaluation, and Analysis, Yu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][AgentReview][Researcher]

• AutoSurvey: Large Language Models Can Automatically Write Surveys, Wang et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][SurveyX][SurveyForge]

• OpenResearcher: Unleashing AI for Accelerated Scientific Research, Zheng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Paper Copilot][SciAgentsDiscovery][paper-qa][GraphReasoning]

• OpenScholar: Synthesizing Scientific Literature with Retrieval-augmented LMs, Asai et al., Nature 2026. [nature paper][arxiv paper][code][ollama-deep-researcher][PaSa][ScholarCopilot][Ai2 ScholarQA][ScholarSearch][DeepXiv-SDK]

• The AI Scientist: Towards Fully Automated Open-Ended Scientific Discovery, Lu et al., arxiv 2024. [nature][paper][code][AI-Scientist-v2][AI-Scientist-ICLR2025-Workshop-Experiment][Zochi Technical Report][hypothesis-generation][Towards an AI co-scientist][CodeScientist][TinyScientist][research-town][CMBAgent][Robin][NovelSeek][ToolUniverse][FARS][ARIS][LabClaw][AutoResearchClaw][EurekaClaw][autoresearch][AI-Build-AI][DeepScientist][Claw AI Lab][Claude Scholar]

• Can LLMs Generate Novel Research Ideas? A Large-Scale Human Study with 100+ NLP Researchers, Si et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DeepInnovator]

• CoI-Agent: Chain of Ideas: Revolutionizing Research Via Novel Idea Development with LLM Agents, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][AI-Researcher][Researcher]

• Agent Laboratory: Using LLM Agents as Research Assistants, Schmidgall et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][AgentRxiv][Curie][Paper2Code][Paper2Poster][PosterGen][Paper2Agent][Paper2Video][Auto-Slides][Paper2Slides][Paper2Any][Idea2Paper][Edit-Banana][AutoFigure-Edit][PaperBanana]

• YuLan-OneSim: Towards the Next Generation of Social Simulator with Large Language Models, Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Social_Science][SocialAgent][game_theory][LLM-Economist][Scaling social science research]

• Intern-S1: A Scientific Multimodal Foundation Model, Intern-S1 Team, Shanghai AI Laboratory, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][SciReason][InternAgent][Chem-R][SciEvalKit][Awesome-Agent-Scientists][Awesome-Scientific-Datasets-and-LLMs][TTT-Discover][Innovator-VL][UniScientist][MLEvolve][AI Can Learn Scientific Taste]

• [Awesome-Scientific-Language-Models][gpt_academic][ChatPaper][scispacy][awesome-ai4s][xVal]

• [OpenDeepResearcher][node-DeepResearch][open-deep-research][open-deep-research blog][open_deep_research][deep-research][deep-research][Auto-Deep-Research][deep-searcher][local-deep-research][local-deep-researcher][open_deep_research][Agentic-Reasoning][Awesome-Deep-Research][DeepResearchAgent][Universal Deep Research]

3.2.3 Code

• Neural code generation, CMU 2024 Spring. [link]

• Unifying the Perspectives of NLP and Software Engineering: A Survey on Language Models for Code, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][Awesome-Code-LLM][MFTCoder][Awesome-Code-LLM][CodeFuse-muAgent][Awesome-Code-Intelligence]

• Source Code Data Augmentation for Deep Learning: A Survey, Zhuo et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Large Language Model-Based Agents for Software Engineering: A Survey, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Challenges and Paths Towards AI for Software Engineering]

• Codex: Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code, Chen et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][human-eval][CriticGPT][On scalable oversight with weak LLMs judging strong LLMs][OpenAI Codex CLI][AGENTS.md][Claude Code][Gemini CLI][GitHub Copilot][GitHub Copilot][OpenCode][Claude Code Proxy][Anthropic API][Learn Claude Code][nanocode][CC Switch][Claude HUD][Claw Code][claude-code-sourcemap][Claude Code Best][zread claude code][claude-howto][OpenHarness][Everything Claude Code][happy]

• Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code, Rozière et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][model][Code World Model][llamacoder][CodeBERT]

• CodeGemma: Open Code Models Based on Gemma, CodeGemma Team, arxiv 2024. [blog][paper]

• AlphaCode: Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCode, Li et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][dataset][AlphaCode2_Tech_Report]

• CodeGeeX: A Pre-Trained Model for Code Generation with Multilingual Evaluations on HumanEval-X, Zheng et al., KDD 2023. [paper][code][CodeGeeX2][CodeGeeX4]

• CodeGen: An Open Large Language Model for Code with Multi-Turn Program Synthesis, Nijkamp et al., ICLR 2022. [paper][code]

• CodeGen2: Lessons for Training LLMs on Programming and Natural Languages, Nijkamp et al., ICLR 2023. [paper][code]

• CodeChain: Towards Modular Code Generation Through Chain of Self-revisions with Representative Sub-modules, Le et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• StarCoder: may the source be with you, Li et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][bigcode-project][model]

• StarCoder 2 and The Stack v2: The Next Generation, Lozhkov et al., 2024. [paper][code][starcoder.cpp]

• SelfCodeAlign: Self-Alignment for Code Generation, Wei et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code]

• WizardCoder: Empowering Code Large Language Models with Evol-Instruct, Luo et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][WarriorCoder]

• Magicoder: Source Code Is All You Need, Wei et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Code Generation with AlphaCodium: From Prompt Engineering to Flow Engineering, Ridnik et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][pr-agent][cover-agent]

• DeepSeek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets Programming -- The Rise of Code Intelligence, Guo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• DeepSeek-Coder-V2: Breaking the Barrier of Closed-Source Models in Code Intelligence, Zhu et al., CoRR 2024. [paper][code][DeepSeek-V2.5][Ling-Coder-lite]

• Qwen2.5-Coder Technical Report, Hui et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][CodeArena][CodeElo]

• Qwen3-Coder-Next Technical Report, Qwen Team, arxiv 2026. [blog][paper][code][Qwen Code][qwen-code-action][iFlow cli][Kimi CLI][MiniMax CLI]

• Seed-Coder: Let the Code Model Curate Data for Itself, ByteDance Seed, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][CURE][CodeContests+][Kimi-Dev]

• OpenCoder: The Open Cookbook for Top-Tier Code Large Language Models, Huang et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][dataset][opc_data_filtering][OpenCodeEval]

• If LLM Is the Wizard, Then Code Is the Wand: A Survey on How Code Empowers Large Language Models to Serve as Intelligent Agents, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Design2Code: How Far Are We From Automating Front-End Engineering?, Si et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][ScreenCoder]

• AutoCoder: Enhancing Code Large Language Model with AIEV-Instruct, Lei et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• XiYan-SQL: A Multi-Generator Ensemble Framework for Text-to-SQL, Gao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][XiYanSQL-QwenCoder][vanna][NL2SQL_Handbook][Spider2][WrenAI]

• SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineering, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][mini SWE-agent][swe-bench-technical-report][CursorBench][SWE-smith][CodeR][Lingma-SWE-GPT][SWE-Gym][MarsCode Agent][SWE-Fixer][SWE-RL][SWE-Lancer][multi-swe-bench][SWE-bench-Live][CodeFuse-CGM][DeepSWE][Skywork-SWE][SWE-Swiss][SWE-Bench Pro][SWE-Pruner][SWE-Universe][SWE-Master]

• Agentless: Demystifying LLM-based Software Engineering Agents, Xia et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• BigCodeBench: Benchmarking Code Generation with Diverse Function Calls and Complex Instructions, Zhuo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][BigCodeArena][LiveCodeBench][evalplus][BigOBench]

• OpenDevin: An Open Platform for AI Software Developers as Generalist Agents, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][open-operator][potpie][Code Graph Model]

• Kevin-32B: Multi-Turn RL for Writing CUDA Kernels, Baronio et al., Cognition AI blog. [blog][model][deepwiki][deepwiki-open][AI Documentation Generator]

• Planning In Natural Language Improves LLM Search For Code Generation, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][SRA-MCTS]

• HyperAgent: Generalist Software Engineering Agents to Solve Coding Tasks at Scale, Phan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Seeker][AutoKaggle][Large Language Models Orchestrating Structured Reasoning Achieve Kaggle Grandmaster Level][ML-Agent][MLE-Dojo][DeepAnalyze][ML-Master][tinyKaggleClaw]

• CodeDPO: Aligning Code Models with Self Generated and Verified Source Code, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• FullStack Bench: Evaluating LLMs as Full Stack Coders, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][SandboxFusion][microsandbox][AIO Sandbox][LLM-in-Sandbox][trae-agent][BitsAI-CR][OpenSandbox][EvoClaw]

• o1-Coder: an o1 Replication for Coding, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• S*: Test Time Scaling for Code Generation, Li et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][DeepCoder][DeepSWE]

• Competitive Programming with Large Reasoning Models, OpenAI, arxiv 2025. [paper][SWE-Lancer][OpenCodeReasoning][OpenCodeReasoning-II][AceReason-Nemotron][AceReason-Nemotron 1.1]

• LocAgent: Graph-Guided LLM Agents for Code Localization, Chen et al., ACL 2025. [paper][code]

• DiffuCoder: Understanding and Improving Masked Diffusion Models for Code Generation, Gong et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Mercury][Stable-DiffCoder]

• DeepCode: Open Agentic Coding, Li et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Open Coding Agents]

• [Yi-Coder][aiXcoder-7B][codealpaca]

• [OpenDevin][devika][auto-code-rover][developer][aider][claude-engineer][SuperCoder][AIDE][vulnhuntr][devin.cursorrules][DeepSeek Engineer][Online RL for Cursor Tab][Easy-Vibe][Vibe Vibe]

• [screenshot-to-code][vanna][NL2SQL_Handbook][TAG-Bench][Spider2][WrenAI]

3.2.4 Financial Application

• DocLLM: A layout-aware generative language model for multimodal document understanding, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• DocGraphLM: Documental Graph Language Model for Information Extraction, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• FinBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Financial Communications, Yang et al., arxiv 2020. [paper][Wiley paper][code][finBERT][valuesimplex/FinBERT]

• FinGPT: Open-Source Financial Large Language Models, Yang et al., IJCAI 2023. [paper][code]

• FinRobot: An Open-Source AI Agent Platform for Financial Applications using Large Language Models, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• FinGPT: Instruction Tuning Benchmark for Open-Source Large Language Models in Financial Datasets, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Instruct-FinGPT: Financial Sentiment Analysis by Instruction Tuning of General-Purpose Large Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• FinRL: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Library for Automated Stock Trading in Quantitative Finance, Liu et al., arxiv 2020. [paper][code]

• FinRL-Meta: Market Environments and Benchmarks for Data-Driven Financial Reinforcement Learning, Liu et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code]

• DISC-FinLLM: A Chinese Financial Large Language Model based on Multiple Experts Fine-tuning, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• A Multimodal Foundation Agent for Financial Trading: Tool-Augmented, Diversified, and Generalist, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• XuanYuan 2.0: A Large Chinese Financial Chat Model with Hundreds of Billions Parameters, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Open-FinLLMs: Open Multimodal Large Language Models for Financial Applications, Xie et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• StructGPT: A General Framework for Large Language Model to Reason over Structured Data, Jiang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Large Language Model for Table Processing: A Survey, Lu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][llm-table-survey][table-transformer][Awesome-Tabular-LLMs][Awesome-LLM-Tabular][Tabular-Survey][Table-LLaVA][tablegpt-agent][TabSTAR][TableLLM][Table-R1][OmniSQL][ChartVLM][OmniCaptioner]

• TabPFN: Accurate predictions on small data with a tabular foundation model, Hollmann et al., Nature 2024. [paper][code][TabPFN-TS]

• rLLM: Relational Table Learning with LLMs, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Data-Copilot: Bridging Billions of Data and Humans with Autonomous Workflow, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Data Interpreter: An LLM Agent For Data Science, Hong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• AlphaFin: Benchmarking Financial Analysis with Retrieval-Augmented Stock-Chain Framework, Li et al., COLING 2024. [paper][code]

• LLMFactor: Extracting Profitable Factors through Prompts for Explainable Stock Movement Prediction, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][MIGA][QuantaAlpha]

• A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs), Lee et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Revolutionizing Finance with LLMs: An Overview of Applications and Insights]

• A Survey of Large Language Models for Financial Applications: Progress, Prospects and Challenges, Nie et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][financial-datasets][LLMs-in-Finance]

• PEER: Expertizing Domain-Specific Tasks with a Multi-Agent Framework and Tuning Methods, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Stockagent]

• Benchmarking Large Language Models on CFLUE -- A Chinese Financial Language Understanding Evaluation Dataset, Zhu et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][Golden-Touchstone][financebench][OmniEval][FLAME][FinEval][CFBenchmark][MME-Finance][BizFinBench][MultiFinBen][FinSearchComp][StockBench]

• MarS: a Financial Market Simulation Engine Powered by Generative Foundation Model, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][TwinMarket][HedgeAgents][MASS][DeepFund][R&D-Agent-Quant][TwinMarket]

• TradingAgents: Multi-Agents LLM Financial Trading Framework, Xiao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Trading-R1][Qlib][RD-Agent][AI Hedge Fund][TradingAgents-CN][QuantAgent][ValueCell][Alpha Arena][ROCKFLOW RockAlpha][AI-Trader][AI AGENTS FOR TRADING]

• Fino1: On the Transferability of Reasoning Enhanced LLMs to Finance, Qian et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][PIXIU][FLAG-Trader][FinAudio]

• Fin-R1: A Large Language Model for Financial Reasoning through Reinforcement Learning, Liu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][FinRL-DeepSeek][Qwen DianJin][Recon][FinChain][Agentar-Fin-R1][FinSight]

• Kronos: A Foundation Model for the Language of Financial Markets, Shi et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][OpenBB][TradeFM]

• [gpt-investor][FinGLM][agentUniverse][gs-quant][stockbot-on-groq][Real-Time-Stock-Market-Prediction-using-Ensemble-DL-and-Rainbow-DQN][openbb-agents][ai-hedge-fund][A_Share_investment_Agent][ai-financial-agent][Finance]

3.2.5 Information Retrieval

• ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERT, Khattab et al., SIGIR 2020. [paper][simbert][roformer-sim]

• ColBERTv2: Effective and Efficient Retrieval via Lightweight Late Interaction, Santhanam et al., NAACL 2022. [paper][code][RAGatouille][rerankers][SPLADE][Rankify][A Reproducibility Study of PLAID][Jina-ColBERT-v2][SearchLM]

• ColBERT-XM: A Modular Multi-Vector Representation Model for Zero-Shot Multilingual Information Retrieval, Louis et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][model]

• NCI: A Neural Corpus Indexer for Document Retrieval, Wang et al., NeurIPS 2022 Outstanding Paper. [paper][code][DSI-transformers][GDR EACL 2024 Oral]

• HyDE: Precise Zero-Shot Dense Retrieval without Relevance Labels, Gao et al., ACL 2023. [paper][code]

• Query2doc: Query Expansion with Large Language Models, Wang et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][Query Expansion by Prompting Large Language Models]

• RankGPT: Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents, Sun et al., EMNLP 2023 Outstanding Paper. [paper][code][direct-rag-learning][GenRank]

• Large Language Models for Information Retrieval: A Survey, Zhu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][YuLan-IR][A Survey of Conversational Search][A Survey of Model Architectures in Information Retrieval][A Survey of Query Optimization in Large Language Models][Improving Generalization in Intent Detection]

• Large Language Models for Generative Information Extraction: A Survey, Xu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][UIE][NERRE][uie_pytorch]

• LLaRA: Making Large Language Models A Better Foundation For Dense Retrieval, Li et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• UniGen: A Unified Generative Framework for Retrieval and Question Answering with Large Language Models, Li et al., AAAI 2024. [paper]

• INTERS: Unlocking the Power of Large Language Models in Search with Instruction Tuning, Zhu et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][ChatRetriever][fullrank]

• GenIR: From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrieval, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Alipay Search]

• D2LLM: Decomposed and Distilled Large Language Models for Semantic Search, Liao et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][CodeFuse-Embeddings]

• Preference Discerning with LLM-Enhanced Generative Retrieval, Paischer et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Unifying Generative and Dense Retrieval for Sequential Recommendation]

• BM25S: Orders of magnitude faster lexical search via eager sparse scoring, Xing Han Lù, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][rank_bm25][Pyserini][Flash-KMeans]

• MindSearch: Mimicking Human Minds Elicits Deep AI Searcher, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Search Engines in an AI Era][WebWalker]

• Vision Search Assistant: Empower Vision-Language Models as Multimodal Search Engines, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Smart Multi-Modal Search][M3DocRAG][Visualized BGE][OmniSearch][StreamRAG][VisRAG][LamRA][Towards Long-horizon Agentic Multimodal Search]

• MMSearch: Benchmarking the Potential of Large Models as Multi-modal Search Engines, Jiang et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][CoLLM]

• MLGym: A New Framework and Benchmark for Advancing AI Research Agents, Nathani et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• R1-Searcher: Incentivizing the Search Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning, Song et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][R1-Searcher++][SimpleDeepSearcher][Search-o1][WebThinker][LaSER][ReSearch][Auto-Deep-Research][deep-searcher]

• Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learning, Jin et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][DeepRetrieval][s3][DeepResearcher][ZeroSearch][IKEA][LeReT][MMSearch-R1][SenseNova-MARS][ASearcher][MiroThinker][PokeeResearchOSS][Search Self-Play]

• Open Deep Search: Democratizing Search with Open-source Reasoning Agents, Alzubi et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Recursive Open Meta-Agents][DeepSearchAgent-Demo][OpenSeeker][deep-searcher]

• WebThinker: Empowering Large Reasoning Models with Deep Research Capability, Li et al., NeurIPS 2025. [paper][code][DeepAgent][AgentFamily][SearchClaw][Chain-of-Agents]

• Tongyi DeepResearch: A New Era of Open-Source AI Researchers, DeepResearch Team, Tongyi Lab, 2025. [blog][paper][code][MiroThinker][DeerFlow][Co-Sight][Youtu-Agent][Agent Lightning][Deep Agents][Mini-Agent][Step-DeepResearch][REDSearcher][Marco-DeepResearch][IterResearch]

• MiroThinker-1.7 & H1: Towards Heavy-Duty Research Agents via Verification, MiroMind Team, arxiv 2026. [paper][code][MiroFlow][MiroThinker][MiroEval]

• AgentCPM-Report: Interleaving Drafting and Deepening for Open-Ended Deep Research, Li et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][AgentCPM-GUI]

• ZeroSearch: Incentivize the Search Capability of LLMs without Searching, Sun et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][MaskSearch][OmniSearch][WebAgent][VRAG-RL][SSRL][Dr. Zero]

• ReasonIR: Training Retrievers for Reasoning Tasks, Shao et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Rank-R1][Rearank][TongSearch-QR][ReasonRank][Language Ranker][BGE_Reasoner][AgentIR]

• Vision-DeepResearch: Incentivizing DeepResearch Capability in Multimodal Large Language Models, Huang et al.,arxiv 2026. [paper][code][Vision-DeepResearch Benchmark][VideoDeepResearch][DeepImageSearch]

• SIGIR-AP 2023 Tutorial: Recent Advances in Generative Information Retrieval [link]

• SIGIR 2024 Tutorial: Large Language Model Powered Agents for Information Retrieval [link]

• [search_with_lepton][LLocalSearch][FreeAskInternet][storm][searxng][Perplexica][rag-search][sensei][azure-search-openai-demo][Gemini-Search][deep-searcher]

• [similarities][text2vec][FlagEmbedding][leettools]

• [SearchEngine][elasticsearch][elasticsearch-labs][OpenSearch][HNSWLib][Tevatron][txtai][AutoGEO]

3.2.6 Math

• ToRA: A Tool-Integrated Reasoning Agent for Mathematical Problem Solving, Gou et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• MetaMath: Bootstrap Your Own Mathematical Questions for Large Language Models, Yu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][MathCoder]

• MathVista: Evaluating Math Reasoning in Visual Contexts with GPT-4V, Bard, and Other Large Multimodal Models, Lu et al., ICLR 2024 Oral. [paper][code][MathBench][OlympiadBench][Math-Verify][MathPile][DeepMath-103K][VCBench]

• InternLM-Math: Open Math Large Language Models Toward Verifiable Reasoning, Ying et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models, Shao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DeepSeek-Math-V2][Math-Shepherd][DeepSeek-Prover-V1.5][DeepSeek-Prover-V2][Kimina-Prover Preview][Goedel-Prover-V2][BFS-Prover][MPS-Prover][DeepTheorem][CriticLean][StepFun-Prover-Preview][Seed-Prover]

• Common 7B Language Models Already Possess Strong Math Capabilities, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• ChatGLM-Math: Improving Math Problem-Solving in Large Language Models with a Self-Critique Pipeline, Xu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• AlphaMath Almost Zero: process Supervision without process, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• JiuZhang3.0: Efficiently Improving Mathematical Reasoning by Training Small Data Synthesis Models, Zhou et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code]

• Accessing GPT-4 level Mathematical Olympiad Solutions via Monte Carlo Tree Self-refine with LLaMa-3 8B, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LLaMA-Berry]

• Math-LLaVA: Bootstrapping Mathematical Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models, Shi et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?, Qiao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][We-Math2.0][V-Thinker][URSA]

• MAVIS: Mathematical Visual Instruction Tuning, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Qwen2.5-Math Technical Report: Toward Mathematical Expert Model via Self-Improvement, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Qwen2.5-Math-Demo][ProcessBench][SuperCorrect-llm][The Lessons of Developing Process Reward Models in Mathematical Reasoning][Confucius3-Math]

• R-CoT: Reverse Chain-of-Thought Problem Generation for Geometric Reasoning in Large Multimodal Models, Deng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][alphageometry][AlphaGeometry2][AlphaEvolve][OpenEvolve][Gemini with Deep Think][MathCritique][PromptCoT][ShinkaEvolve]

• rStar-Math: Small LLMs Can Master Math Reasoning with Self-Evolved Deep Thinking, Guan et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][rStar-Coder][rStar2-Agent][PRIME]

• *Self-rewarding correction for mathematical reasoning, Xiong et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• AI Mathematical Olympiad - Progress Prize 1, Kaggle Competition 2024. [Numina 1st Place Solution][project-numina/aimo-progress-prize][How NuminaMath Won the 1st AIMO Progress Prize][NuminaMath-7B-TIR][AI achieves silver-medal standard solving International Mathematical Olympiad problems][Gemini with Deep Think][Gemini 2.5 Deep Think][IMO 2025 Problem Solver][AWorld]

• AIMO-2 Winning Solution: Building State-of-the-Art Mathematical Reasoning Models with OpenMathReasoning dataset, Moshkov et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][AI Mathematical Olympiad-Progress Prize 2][9th Place Solution]

3.2.7 Medicine and Law

• A Survey of Large Language Models in Medicine: Progress, Application, and Challenge, Zhou et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][LLM-for-Healthcare][GMAI-MMBench]

• A Survey on Large Language Models for Critical Societal Domains: Finance, Healthcare, and Law, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• PMC-LLaMA: Towards Building Open-source Language Models for Medicine, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MMedLM]

• HuatuoGPT, towards Taming Language Model to Be a Doctor, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][HuatuoGPT-II][Medical_NLP][Zhongjing][MedicalGPT][huatuogpt-vision][Chain-of-Diagnosis][BianCang][Llama3-OpenBioLLM-70B][CareGPT][HealthGPT]

• HuatuoGPT-o1, Towards Medical Complex Reasoning with LLMs, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MedVLM-R1][m1][MedReason][X-Reasoner][AlphaMed][Lingshu][Hulu-Med][ReasonMed][MedResearcher-R1][ReasonMed][DeepRare]

• Chatlaw: A Multi-Agent Collaborative Legal Assistant with Knowledge Graph Enhanced Mixture-of-Experts Large Language Model, Cui et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][HK-O1aw]

• DISC-LawLLM: Fine-tuning Large Language Models for Intelligent Legal Services, Yue et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• DISC-MedLLM: Bridging General Large Language Models and Real-World Medical Consultation, Bao et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• BianQue: Balancing the Questioning and Suggestion Ability of Health LLMs with Multi-turn Health Conversations Polished by ChatGPT, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][SoulChat2.0][smile]

• MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoning, Tang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][MedRAG][TxAgent][MedAgent-Pro]

• MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][meditron]

• Med-PaLM: Large language models encode clinical knowledge, Singhal et al., Nature 2023. [paper][Unofficial Implementation]

• Capabilities of Gemini Models in Medicine, Saab et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• AMIE: Towards Conversational Diagnostic AI, Tu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][AMIE-pytorch]

• Apollo: Lightweight Multilingual Medical LLMs towards Democratizing Medical AI to 6B People, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Medical_NLP]

• AI Hospital: Benchmarking Large Language Models in a Multi-agent Medical Interaction Simulator, Fan et al., COLING 2025. [paper][code][Agent Hospital][MentalArena][MING][EmoLLM]

• AI-Press: A Multi-Agent News Generating and Feedback Simulation System Powered by Large Language Models, Liu et al., COLING 2025. [paper][code]

• AgentCourt: Simulating Court with Adversarial Evolvable Lawyer Agents, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• On Domain-Specific Post-Training for Multimodal Large Language Models, Cheng et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][model]

• Efficient Medical VIE via Reinforcement Learning, Liu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][Baichuan-M1][Baichuan-M2-32B][Baichuan-M3-235B][MedGemma][MedGemma 1.5][MedASR]

• PLawBench: A Rubric-Based Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs in Real-World Legal Practice, Shi et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code]

• LawThinker: A Deep Research Legal Agent in Dynamic Environments, Yang et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code]

• [Awesome-LegalAI-Resources][LexiLaw][LexEval][LawBench]

• [alphafold3][alphafold][RoseTTAFold][RFdiffusion][AlphaGenome][GPT‑Rosalind]

• [openfold][alphafold3-pytorch][alphagenome][Protenix][AlphaFold3][Ligo-Biosciences/AlphaFold3][LucaOne][esm][AlphaPPImd][visual-med-alpaca][chai-lab][evo][evo2][AIRS][OpenBioMed][BioEmu][Accelerating life sciences research][SimpleFold][IntelliFold]

3.2.8 Recommend System

• DIN: Deep Interest Network for Click-Through Rate Prediction, Zhou et al., KDD 2018. [paper][code][DIEN][x-deeplearning]

• MMoE: Modeling Task Relationships in Multi-task Learning with Multi-gate Mixture-of-Experts, Ma et al., KDD 2018. [paper][DeepCTR-Torch][pytorch-mmoe]

• Recommendation as Language Processing (RLP): A Unified Pretrain, Personalized Prompt & Predict Paradigm (P5), Geng et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][unofficial code][OpenP5]

• TIGER: Recommender Systems with Generative Retrieval, Rajput et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][Methodologies for Improving Modern Industrial Recommender Systems][Sparse Meets Dense]

• Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap, Pan et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• YuLan-Rec: User Behavior Simulation with Large Language Model based Agents, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Scaling Law of Large Sequential Recommendation Models]

• SSLRec: A Self-Supervised Learning Framework for Recommendation, Ren et al., WSDM 2024 Oral. [paper][code][Awesome-SSLRec-Papers]

• RLMRec: Representation Learning with Large Language Models for Recommendation, Ren et al., WWW 2024. [paper][code]

• LLMRec: Large Language Models with Graph Augmentation for Recommendation, Wei et al., WSDM 2024 Oral. [paper][code][EasyRec][SLMRec]

• XRec: Large Language Models for Explainable Recommendation, Ma et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][SelfGNN]

• Agent4Rec_On Generative Agents in Recommendation, Zhang et al., SIGIR 2024. [paper][code][AlphaRec]

• LLM-KERec: Breaking the Barrier: Utilizing Large Language Models for Industrial Recommendation Systems through an Inferential Knowledge Graph, Zhao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Actions Speak Louder than Words: Trillion-Parameter Sequential Transducers for Generative Recommendations, Zhai et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][ExFM][Bending the Scaling Law Curve][KuaiFormer][Transformers4Rec][TorchRec][LlamaRec][RecIS][Generative Reasoning Re-ranker]

• OneRec Technical Report, OneRec Team, arxiv 2025. [OneRec Technical Report][OneRec-V2 Technical Report][OneRec][OneSearch][OneSug][UniSearch][UniDex][MTGR][MTGR blog][HierGR][MiniOneRec][GR4AD]

• Wukong: Towards a Scaling Law for Large-Scale Recommendation, Zhang et al., ICML 2024. [paper][unofficial code][Towards An Efficient LLM Training Paradigm for CTR Prediction]

• RecAI: Leveraging Large Language Models for Next-Generation Recommender Systems, Lian et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][AdNanny]

• IDGenRec: LLM-RecSys Alignment with Textual ID Learning, Tan et al., SIGIR 2024. [paper][code]

• Knowledge Adaptation from Large Language Model to Recommendation for Practical Industrial Application, Jia et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][NAR4Rec][HoME][Long-Sequence Recommendation Models Need Decoupled Embeddings][OneRec][OneRec Technical Report][OneRec-V2 Technical Report][OneSearch][MTGR][MIM][URM][UniROM][RecGPT Technical Report][REG4Rec][OnePiece][RecGPT-V2 Technical Report]

• NoteLLM-2: Multimodal Large Representation Models for Recommendation, Zhang et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][NoteLLM][SSD][PaRT][GenRank][UniGRF][GAVE][QP-OneModel]

• HLLM: Enhancing Sequential Recommendations via Hierarchical Large Language Models for Item and User Modeling, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][monolith][LONGER][Interest Clock][RankMixer][OneTrans]

• STAR: A Simple Training-free Approach for Recommendations using Large Language Models, Lee et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][ActionPiece]

• Think Before Recommend: Unleashing the Latent Reasoning Power for Sequential Recommendation, Tang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper]

• [recommenders][X For You Feed Algorithm][Twitter's Recommendation Algorithm][Awesome-RSPapers][RecBole][RecSysDatasets][LLM4Rec-Awesome-Papers][Awesome-LLM-for-RecSys][Awesome-LLM4RS-Papers][DA-CL-4Rec][ReChorus][Transformers4Rec][torchrec][EasyRec][TorchEasyRec]

• [fun-rec][Torch-RecHub][RecommenderSystem][AI-RecommenderSystem][RecSysPapers][Algorithm-Practice-in-Industry][AlgoNotes]

3.2.9 Tool Learning

• Tool Learning with Foundation Models, Qin et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Tool Learning with Large Language Models: A Survey, Qu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools, Schick et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][toolformer-pytorch][conceptofmind/toolformer][xrsrke/toolformer][Graph_Toolformer]

• ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs, Qin et al., ICLR 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code][StableToolBench]

• Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs, Patil et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][OpenAI function calling]

• HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in Hugging Face, Shen et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][EasyTool]

• GPT4Tools: Teaching Large Language Model to Use Tools via Self-instruction, Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• RestGPT: Connecting Large Language Models with Real-World RESTful APIs, Song et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• LLMCompiler: An LLM Compiler for Parallel Function Calling, Kim et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][TinyAgent]

• Large Language Models as Tool Makers, Cai et al, arxiv 2023. [paper][code][trove][CREATOR]

• ToolAlpaca: Generalized Tool Learning for Language Models with 3000 Simulated Cases Tang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][ToolQA][toolbench][MetaTool Benchmark]

• ToolChain*: Efficient Action Space Navigation in Large Language Models with A* Search, Zhuang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][[code]]

• Chameleon: Plug-and-Play Compositional Reasoning with Large Language Models, Lu et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code]

• ToolEyes: Fine-Grained Evaluation for Tool Learning Capabilities of Large Language Models in Real-world Scenarios, Ye et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• AnyTool: Self-Reflective, Hierarchical Agents for Large-Scale API Calls, Du et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• LLMs in the Imaginarium: Tool Learning through Simulated Trial and Error, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• What Are Tools Anyway? A Survey from the Language Model Perspective, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• ToolSandbox: A Stateful, Conversational, Interactive Evaluation Benchmark for LLM Tool Use Capabilities, Lu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][API-Bank][ToolHop][ComplexFuncBench][ToolRet][Toolathlon]

• Re-Invoke: Tool Invocation Rewriting for Zero-Shot Tool Retrieval, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][OctoTools]

• ToolACE: Winning the Points of LLM Function Calling, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][ToolGen]

• Hammer: Robust Function-Calling for On-Device Language Models via Function Masking, Lin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LoopTool]

• MCP: Introducing the Model Context Protocol, Anthropic 2024. [blog][code][Documentation][OpenAI Agents SDK][mcp-for-beginners][How I Finally Understood MCP][fastmcp][MCP.so][mcpagents][ModelScope MCP][mcp-agent][awesome-mcp-servers][Awesome-MCP-ZH][mcp][ScaleMCP][A2A][adk-python][MiniMax-MCP][MCP-Universe][MCP-Bench][MCPMark][Agent Skills Marketplace][Awesome LLM Skills][open-agent-skills][Superpowers][Planning with Files][Awesome Claude Skills][gstack][infra-skills][Awesome OpenClaw Skills][colleague-skill][wdkns-skills]

• MCP-Zero: Proactive Toolchain Construction for LLM Agents from Scratch, Fei et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• ToRL: Scaling Tool-Integrated RL, Li et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][ReCall][ReTool][ToolRL][OTC][Improving Multi-Turn Tool Use with RL][OpenThinkIMG][VTool-R1][Tool-Star][Tool-N1][ZeroTIR][VerlTool][ARPO][Tool-Star][Understanding Tool-Integrated Reasoning][SimpleTIR][AgentFlow][ToolOrchestra][FTRL]

• [functionary][ToolLearningPapers][awesome-tool-llm][agents-json][langgraph-bigtool][octotools][Hermes-Function-Calling]

3.3 LLM Technique

• How to Train Really Large Models on Many GPUs, Lilian Weng, 2021. [blog][The Ultra-Scale Playbook]

• Training great LLMs entirely from ground zero in the wilderness as a startup, Yi Tay, 2024. [blog][What happened to BERT & T5? On Transformer Encoders, PrefixLM and Denoising Objectives][New LLM Pre-training and Post-training Paradigms]

• Understanding LLMs: A Comprehensive Overview from Training to Inference, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• [Awesome-LLM-System-Papers][awesome-production-llm][Awesome-MLSys-Blogger][Awesome-ML-SYS-Tutorial][how-to-learn-deep-learning-framework][PKU-DAIR/Starter-Guide][open-infra-index][CutlassAcademy][Triton-Puzzles][CUDA-Learn-Notes][AIInfra]

• GPipe: Efficient Training of Giant Neural Networks using Pipeline Parallelism, Huang et al., NeurIPS 2019. [paper][Parameter Server OSDI 2014][ps-lite][Zero Bubble Pipeline Parallelism][DualPipe]

• Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism, Shoeybi et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code][Megatron-2][megatron sequence parallelism][Scaling Language Model Training to a Trillion Parameters Using Megatron][picotron][nanotron][DeepEP]

• ZeRO: Memory Optimizations Toward Training Trillion Parameter Models, Rajbhandari et al., arxiv 2019. [blog][paper][DeepSpeed][FSDP][pytorch-fsdp]

• Pathways: Asynchronous Distributed Dataflow for ML, Barham et al., MLSys 2022. [paper][blog]

• Colossal-AI: A Unified Deep Learning System For Large-Scale Parallel Training, Li et al., ICPP 2023. [paper][code][Sequence Parallelism]

• MegaScale: Scaling Large Language Model Training to More Than 10,000 GPUs, Jiang et al., NSDI 2024. [paper][veScale][MegaScale-Infer][MegaScale-MoE][DistTrain][InfiniteHBD][blog][Parameter Server OSDI 2014][ps-lite][ByteCheckpoint][HybridFlow][ByteRobust][veScale-FSDP]

• Revisiting Parameter Server in LLM Post-Training, Wan et al., ICLR 2026. [paper][code][Parameter Server OSDI 2014][ps-lite]

• A Theory on Adam Instability in Large-Scale Machine Learning, Molybog et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][Moonlight][Practical Efficiency of Muon for Pretraining]

• Tensor Programs V: Tuning Large Neural Networks via Zero-Shot Hyperparameter Transfer, Yang et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code][blog][Scaling Diffusion Transformers Efficiently via μP][Spectral Condition for μP under Width-Depth Scaling][DataDecide][µP for MoE]

• Loss Spike in Training Neural Networks, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scaling, Biderman et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Continual Pre-Training of Large Language Models: How to (re)warm your model, Gupta et al., [paper]

• FLM-101B: An Open LLM and How to Train It with $100K Budget, Li et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][model][Tele-FLM]

• Instruction Tuning with GPT-4, Peng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into Self-Improving Pipelines, Khattab et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][textgrad][appl][okhat/blog][PromptWizard][SPO][TPO][Text2Grad][Llama Prompt Ops][Promptomatix][Promptify]

• Alphazero-like Tree-Search can Guide Large Language Model Decoding and Training, Feng et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][Natural-language-RL]

• OpenFedLLM: Training Large Language Models on Decentralized Private Data via Federated Learning, Ye et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Arcee's MergeKit: A Toolkit for Merging Large Language Models, Goddard et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code][DistillKit][A Survey on Collaborative Strategies in the Era of Large Language Models][Model Merging Survey][FuseAI][MergeLM][Long-to-Short-via-Model-Merging][Model Merging in Pre-training][LLM Souping][DELLA-Merging]

• A Survey on Self-Evolution of Large Language Models, Tao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Awesome-Self-Evolving-Agents]

• Adam-mini: Use Fewer Learning Rates To Gain More, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Adam][AdamW]

• Muon: An optimizer for hidden layers in neural networks, Keller Jordan, 2024. [blog][code][modded-nanogpt]

• RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data, Ong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][RouterDC][masrouter][RouterEval][Arch-Router][AvengersPro][Router-R1][LLMRouter][ClawXRouter]

• Instruction Pre-Training: Language Models are Supervised Multitask Learners, Cheng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• OpenDiLoCo: An Open-Source Framework for Globally Distributed Low-Communication Training, Jaghouar et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Prime][DiLoCo][DisTrO][Streaming DiLoCo][Eager Updates For Overlapped Communication and Computation in DiLoCo][Scaling Laws for DiLoCo]

• JailbreakZoo: Survey, Landscapes, and Horizons in Jailbreaking Large Language and Vision-Language Models, Jin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][jailbreak_llms][llm-attacks][Awesome-Jailbreak-on-LLMs][Constitutional Classifiers]

• LLM-Pruner: On the Structural Pruning of Large Language Models, Ma et al. NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][Awesome-Efficient-LLM]

• LLM Pruning and Distillation in Practice: The Minitron Approach, Sreenivas et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][distillm][llm_distillation_playbook][EasyDistill][RLT]

• Fire-Flyer AI-HPC: A Cost-Effective Software-Hardware Co-Design for Deep Learning, An et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][open-infra-index][Parameter Server OSDI 2014][ps-lite]

• LLM Post-Training: A Deep Dive into Reasoning Large Language Models, Kumar et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][A Survey on Post-training of Large Language Models][Sailing AI by the Stars][Agentic Reinforcement Learning][Awesome-RL-for-LRMs][Unify-Post-Training][Post-training 101]

• VeOmni: Scaling Any Modality Model Training with Model-Centric Distributed Recipe Zoo, Ma et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• [wandb][aim][tensorboardX][SwanLab][nvitop][nvtop][doma][LinuxMirrors][chsrc]

3.3.1 Alignment

• AI Alignment: A Comprehensive Survey, Ji et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][PKU-Alignment][webpage]

• Large Language Model Alignment: A Survey, Shen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• Aligning Large Language Models with Human: A Survey, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• A Comprehensive Survey of LLM Alignment Techniques: RLHF, RLAIF, PPO, DPO and More, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Towards a Unified View of Preference Learning for Large Language Models: A Survey, Gao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Reinforcement Learning Enhanced LLMs: A Survey, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• [alignment-handbook][DeepSpeed-Chat][OpenRLHF][verl][AReaL][ROLL][Nemo RL][Verifiers][slime][Miles]

• Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructions, Wang et al., ACL 2023. [paper][code][open-instruct][Multi-modal-Self-instruct][evol-instruct][MMEvol][Automatic Instruction Evolving for Large Language Models]

• Self-Alignment with Instruction Backtranslation, Li et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][unofficial implementation]

• Deita: What Makes Good Data for Alignment? A Comprehensive Study of Automatic Data Selection in Instruction Tuning, Liu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][From Quantity to Quality NAACL'24][Reformatted Alignment][MAmmoTH2: Scaling Instructions from the Web][IFD][InsTag][MoDS][CaR]

• Magpie: Alignment Data Synthesis from Scratch by Prompting Aligned LLMs with Nothing, Xu et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][Condor][GraphGen]

• RLHF: [hf blog][deep-rl-ppo blog][OpenAI blog][alignment blog][awesome-RLHF]

• Secrets of RLHF in Large Language Models [MOSS-RLHF][Part I: PPO][Part II: Reward Modeling][Does RLHF Scale][OctoThinker][limit-of-RLVR][Spurious Rewards][ProRL][BroRL]

• Safe RLHF: Safe Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, Dai et al., ICLR 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code][align-anything][Safe-Policy-Optimization]

• The N+ Implementation Details of RLHF with PPO: A Case Study on TL;DR Summarization, Huang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][blog][trl][trlx][RL4LMs]

• RLHF Workflow: From Reward Modeling to Online RLHF, Dong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][RLHFlow Blog][RLHF-Reward-Modeling][Online-RLHF][Online-DPO-R1][Minimal-RL][Reinforce-Ada]

• OpenRLHF: An Easy-to-use, Scalable and High-performance RLHF Framework, Hu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][REINFORCE++][OpenRLHF-M][Unraveling RLHF and Its Variants][Does RLHF Scale][RL2]

• HybridFlow: A Flexible and Efficient RLHF Framework, Sheng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DAPO][VC-PPO][Pre-PPO][VAPO][EMPO][POLARIS][TreePO]

• AReaL: A Large-Scale Asynchronous Reinforcement Learning System for Language Reasoning, Fu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Awex][ROLL][Part I: Tricks or Traps][Part II: ROLL Flash][AsyPPO][ROCK][Let It Flow: Agentic Crafting on Rock and Roll][The Bitter Lesson Behind Building Agentic RL in Terminal Environments][ChatLearn][GSPO][Stabilizing Reinforcement Learning with LLMs][GradLoc][WeChat-YATT]

• Relax: An Asynchronous Reinforcement Learning Engine for Omni-Modal Post-Training at Scale, Zhang et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code]

• RLFactory: A Plug-and-Play Reinforcement Learning Post-Training Framework for LLM Multi-Turn Tool-Use, Chai et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][SWEET-RL][TARL][rLLM]

• Agent Lightning: Train ANY AI Agents with Reinforcement Learning, Luo et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• JustRL: Scaling a 1.5B LLM with a Simple RL Recipe, He et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment, Zhou et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][LIMO][LIMR][LIMOPro][LIMI]

• DPO: Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model, Rafailov et al., NeurIPS 2023 Runner-up Award. [paper][Unofficial Implementation][trl][dpo_trainer]

• BPO: Black-Box Prompt Optimization: Aligning Large Language Models without Model Training, Cheng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• KTO: Model Alignment as Prospect Theoretic Optimization, Ethayarajh et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model, Hong et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code][GRPO][GRPO Trainer][tiny-grpo][simple_GRPO][GRPO-Zero][grpo-flat][kl-rel-to-ref-in-rl-zh][Unsloth GRPO]

• TDPO: Token-level Direct Preference Optimization, Zeng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Step-DPO][FineGrainedRLHF][MCTS-DPO][Critical Tokens Matter]

• SimPO: Simple Preference Optimization with a Reference-Free Reward, Meng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback, Bai et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• RLAIF: Scaling Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with AI Feedback, Lee et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][[code]][awesome-RLAIF]

• Direct Language Model Alignment from Online AI Feedback, Guo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• ReMax: A Simple, Effective, and Efficient Reinforcement Learning Method for Aligning Large Language Models, Li et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][policy_optimization]

• Zephyr: Direct Distillation of LM Alignment, Tunstall et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Weak-to-Strong Generalization: Eliciting Strong Capabilities With Weak Supervision, Burns et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Prover-Verifier][weak-to-strong-deception][Evolving Alignment via Asymmetric Self-Play][easy-to-hard][Debate Helps Weak-to-Strong Generalization][Detecting misbehavior in frontier reasoning models][LightReasoner][Weak-Driven Learning][Automated Weak-to-Strong Researcher][Automated Alignment Researchers]

• SPIN: Self-Play Fine-Tuning Converts Weak Language Models to Strong Language Models, Chen et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][unofficial implementation][Self-Adapting Language Models][SPIRAL]

• SPPO: Self-Play Preference Optimization for Language Model Alignment, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][A Survey on Self-play Methods in Reinforcement Learning]

• CALM: LLM Augmented LLMs: Expanding Capabilities through Composition, Bansal et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][CALM-pytorch]

• Self-Rewarding Language Models, Yuan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][unofficial implementation][Meta-Rewarding Language Models][Self-Taught Evaluators]

• Anthropic: Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMs that Persist Through Safety Training, Hubinger et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Agentic Misalignment][agentic-misalignment][Alignment faking]

• LongAlign: A Recipe for Long Context Alignment of Large Language Models, Bai et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code]

• Aligner: Efficient Alignment by Learning to Correct, Ji et al., NeurIPS 2024 Oral. [paper][code]

• A Survey on Knowledge Distillation of Large Language Models, Xu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• NeMo-Aligner: Scalable Toolkit for Efficient Model Alignment, Shen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Nemo RL][Long-RL][NeMo-Curator][Nemo Skills][Nemotron-4 340B Technical Report][Mistral NeMo][SparseLLM][MaskLLM][HelpSteer2-Preference]

• Xwin-LM: Strong and Scalable Alignment Practice for LLMs Ni et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Towards Scalable Automated Alignment of LLMs: A Survey, Cao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Putting RL back in RLHF, Huang and Ahmadian, 2024. [blog]

• Prover-Verifier Games improve legibility of language model outputs, Kirchner et al., 2024. [blog][paper]

• Rule Based Rewards for Language Model Safety, Mu et al., OpenAI 2024. [blog][paper][code]

• SELF-GUIDE: Better Task-Specific Instruction Following via Self-Synthetic Finetuning, Zhao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][prompt2model]

3.3.2 Context Length

• Thus Spake Long-Context Large Language Model, Liu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][A Comprehensive Survey on Long Context Language Modeling]

• ALiBi: Train Short, Test Long: Attention with Linear Biases Enables Input Length Extrapolation, Press et al., ICLR 2022. [paper][code]

• Positional Interpolation: Extending Context Window of Large Language Models via Positional Interpolation, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• Scaling Transformer to 1M tokens and beyond with RMT, Bulatov et al., AAAI 2024. [paper][code][LM-RMT]

• RecurrentGPT: Interactive Generation of (Arbitrarily) Long Text, Zhou et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• LongNet: Scaling Transformers to 1,000,000,000 Tokens, Ding et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][unofficial code]

• Focused Transformer: Contrastive Training for Context Scaling, Tworkowski et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code]

• LongLoRA: Efficient Fine-tuning of Long-Context Large Language Models, Chen et al., ICLR 2024 Oral. [paper][code]

• StreamingLLM: Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinks, Xiao et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][SwiftInfer][SwiftInfer blog][StreamingVLM]

• YaRN: Efficient Context Window Extension of Large Language Models, Peng et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][LM-Infinite]

• DeepSpeed Ulysses: System Optimizations for Enabling Training of Extreme Long Sequence Transformer Models, Jacobs et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][blog][unofficial code][MagiAttention]

• Ring Attention with Blockwise Transformers for Near-Infinite Context, Liu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][ring-attention-pytorch][ring-flash-attention][local-attention][tree_attention]

• LongLLMLingua: Accelerating and Enhancing LLMs in Long Context Scenarios via Prompt Compression, Jiang et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][RetroInfer]

• LongRoPE: Extending LLM Context Window Beyond 2 Million Tokens, Ding et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• LongRoPE2: Near-Lossless LLM Context Window Scaling, Shang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• LLM Maybe LongLM: Self-Extend LLM Context Window Without Tuning, Jin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• The What, Why, and How of Context Length Extension Techniques in Large Language Models -- A Detailed Survey, Pawar et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Awesome-LLM-Long-Context-Modeling]

• Data Engineering for Scaling Language Models to 128K Context, Fu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• CEPE: Long-Context Language Modeling with Parallel Context Encoding, Yen et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code]

• Training-Free Long-Context Scaling of Large Language Models, An et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code]

• InfLLM: Training-Free Long-Context Extrapolation for LLMs with an Efficient Context Memory, Xiao et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][InfLLM-V2]

• Counting-Stars: A Simple, Efficient, and Reasonable Strategy for Evaluating Long-Context Large Language Models, Song et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LLMTest_NeedleInAHaystack][RULER][LooGLE][LongBench][google-deepmind/loft]

• Infini-Transformer: Leave No Context Behind: Efficient Infinite Context Transformers with Infini-attention, Munkhdalai et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][infini-transformer-pytorch][InfiniTransformer][infini-mini-transformer][megalodon][InfiniteHiP]

• Activation Beacon: Long Context Compression with Activation Beacon, Zhang et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][Extending Llama-3's Context Ten-Fold Overnight][From 128K to 4M]

• Make Your LLM Fully Utilize the Context, An et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• CoPE: Contextual Position Encoding: Learning to Count What's Important, Golovneva et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][rope_cope]

• Scaling Granite Code Models to 128K Context, Stallone et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][granite-3.1-language-models]

• Generalizing an LLM from 8k to 1M Context using Qwen-Agent, Qwen Team, 2024. [blog][Qwen2.5-1M][QwenLong-CPRS][QwenLong-L1][QwenLong-L1.5]

• LongWriter: Unleashing 10,000+ Word Generation from Long Context LLMs, Bai et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][LongCite][LongReward][context-cite][OmniThink][SelfCite][LLMxMapReduce][WriteHERE][LongWriter-Zero]

• A failed experiment: Infini-Attention, and why we should keep trying, HuggingFace Blog, 2024. [blog][Magic Blog]

• Why Does the Effective Context Length of LLMs Fall Short, An et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][rotary-embedding-torch]

• How to Train Long-Context Language Models (Effectively), Gao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Recursive Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][SRLM]

3.3.3 Corpus

• [DataTrove][datasets][doccano][label-studio][autolabel][synthetic-data-generator][NeMo-Curator][distilabel][Easy Dataset][text-dedup][DataFlow][GraphGen][DataClaw][Datasette]

• *Thinking about High-Quality Human Data, Lilian Weng, 2024. [blog]

• C4: Documenting Large Webtext Corpora: A Case Study on the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus, Dodge et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][dataset][bookcorpus][the-pile][The Common Pile v0.1][ChineseWebText-2.0]

• The BigScience ROOTS Corpus: A 1.6TB Composite Multilingual Dataset, Laurençon et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][dataset]

• The RefinedWeb Dataset for Falcon LLM: Outperforming Curated Corpora with Web Data, and Web Data Only, Penedo et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][dataset][QuRating]

• Data-Juicer: A One-Stop Data Processing System for Large Language Models, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• UltraChat: Enhancing Chat Language Models by Scaling High-quality Instructional Conversations, Ding et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code][ultrachat]

• UltraFeedback: Boosting Language Models with High-quality Feedback, Cui et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][UltraInteract_sft]

• What Makes Good Data for Alignment? A Comprehensive Study of Automatic Data Selection in Instruction Tuning, Liu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][Data-Whisperer][LESS]

• WanJuan-CC: A Safe and High-Quality Open-sourced English Webtext Dataset, Qiu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][dataset][IDEAL][LabelLLM][labelU][MinerU][PDF-Extract-Kit]

• Dolma: an Open Corpus of Three Trillion Tokens for Language Model Pretraining Research, Soldaini et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][OLMo][CoSyn]

• Datasets for Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Awesome-LLMs-Datasets]

• DataDreamer: A Tool for Synthetic Data Generation and Reproducible LLM Workflows, Patel et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Large Language Models for Data Annotation: A Survey, Tan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Data Mixing Laws: Optimizing Data Mixtures by Predicting Language Modeling Performance, Ye et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][regmix][CLIMB][QuaDMix][Scaling Laws for Optimal Data Mixtures]

• COIG-CQIA: Quality is All You Need for Chinese Instruction Fine-tuning, Bai et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][dataset]

• Best Practices and Lessons Learned on Synthetic Data for Language Models, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][A Survey on Data Synthesis and Augmentation for Large Language Models][Grokking in the Wild][ LLMSynthor][GraphGen][SynthQuestions]

• The FineWeb Datasets: Decanting the Web for the Finest Text Data at Scale, HuggingFace, 2024. [paper][code][blogpost][fineweb][fineweb-edu][FineWeb2][Ultra-FineWeb][Essential-Web v1.0][FinePDFs]

• DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasets, Gadre et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][MINT-1T][multimodal_textbook]

• DataComp-LM: In search of the next generation of training sets for language models, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][apple/DCLM-7B-8k][data-agora][Data Selection via Optimal Control for Language Models][PreSelect][DataRater][AttentionInfluence]

• Scaling Synthetic Data Creation with 1,000,000,000 Personas, Chan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MAGA][BeyondWeb]

• Programming Every Example: Lifting Pre-training Data Quality like Experts at Scale, Zhou et al., ICML 2025. [paper][code]

• MinerU: An Open-Source Solution for Precise Document Content Extraction, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MinerU2.5][MinerU2.5-Pro][MinerU-HTML][MinerU-Diffusion][PDF-Extract-Kit][DocLayout-YOLO][OmniDocBench][Document Parsing Unveiled][Docling Technical Report][markitdown][pandoc][Dolphin][LangExtract][Logics-Parsing]

• Revisit Large-Scale Image-Caption Data in Pre-training Multimodal Foundation Models, Lai et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][BLIP][FineVision]

• RedStone: Curating General, Code, Math, and QA Data for Large Language Models, Chang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DELT]

• OpenCSG Chinese Corpus: A Series of High-quality Chinese Datasets for LLM Training, Yu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][dataset][MIG][A Survey of LLM × DATA]

• CCI4.0: A Bilingual Pretraining Dataset for Enhancing Reasoning in Large Language Models, Liu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][CCI4.0-ZH-HQ-Classifiers][CCI3.0-HQ]

• Craw4LLM: Efficient Web Crawling for LLM Pretraining, Yu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][DataMan][DataRater][RefineX][Shaping capabilities with token-level data filtering][OPUS]

• SynLogic: Synthesizing Verifiable Reasoning Data at Scale for Learning Logical Reasoning and Beyond, Liu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Synthetic Data RL][SynthRL][Loong][Webscale-RL Data Pipeline][HopChain]

• REASONING GYM: Reasoning Environments for Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards, Stojanovski et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• OpenThoughts: Data Recipes for Reasoning Models, Guha et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• MegaScience: Pushing the Frontiers of Post-Training Datasets for Science Reasoning, Fan et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Open Data Synthesis For Deep Research, Xia et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][OpenResearcher][ASTRA][Agentic Search Logs]

• DataFlow: An LLM-Driven Framework for Unified Data Preparation and Workflow Automation in the Era of Data-Centric AI, Liang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][AgentFlow][DataFlex][Multi-Agent Collaborative Data Selection][Paper2Any][OpenDataArena-Tool]

• On Data Engineering for Scaling LLM Terminal Capabilities, Pi et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][DataClaw][DIVE]

• [RedPajama-Data][xland-minigrid-datasets][OmniCorpus][dclm][Infinity-Instruct][MNBVC][LMSYS-Chat-1M][kangas][openwebtext][nlp_chinese_corpus][open-thoughts][Bespoke-Stratos-17k][dolphin-r1]

• [llm-datasets][Awesome-LLM-Synthetic-Data][Detecting Pretraining Data]

3.3.4 Evaluation

• [evaluate][evaluation-guidebook][EvalScope][LLMPerf][OpenEvals][AgentEvals][DeepEval][Awesome-LLM-Eval][LLM-eval-survey][llm_benchmarks][Awesome-LLMs-Evaluation-Papers][Langfuse]

• MMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding, Hendrycks et al., ICLR 2021. [paper][code][LiveBench]

• Super-NaturalInstructions: Generalization via Declarative Instructions on 1600+ NLP Tasks, Wang et al., EMNLP 2022. [paper][code]

• HELM: Holistic Evaluation of Language Models, Liang et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code][OpenJudge]

• Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena, Zheng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][LLM-as-a-Judge][Agent-as-a-Judge]

• SuperCLUE: A Comprehensive Chinese Large Language Model Benchmark, Xu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][SuperCLUE-RAG]

• C-Eval: A Multi-Level Multi-Discipline Chinese Evaluation Suite for Foundation Models, Huang et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][chinese-llm-benchmark]

• CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinese, Li et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• CMMMU: A Chinese Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmark, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• GAIA: A Benchmark for General AI Assistants, Mialon et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][Gaia2][ARE][DeepResearchGym][DeepResearch Bench][DeepResearch Bench II][MMDeepResearch-Bench][xbench][tau2-bench][MM-BrowseComp][FINDER_DEFT][DeepResearchEval][Terminal-Bench Pro][Evaluating Deep Agents][Demystifying evals for AI agents][OmniGAIA][PinchBench][Claw-Eval][WildClawBench]

• Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preference, Chiang et al., ICML 2024. [paper][demo][Challenges in Trustworthy Human Evaluation of Chatbots]

• Prometheus 2: An Open Source Language Model Specialized in Evaluating Other Language Models, Kim et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code][prometheus][prometheus-vision]

• LMMs-Eval: Reality Check on the Evaluation of Large Multimodal Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][VLMEvalKit][VideoMMMU]

• MMMU-Pro: A More Robust Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmark, Yue et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Law of the Weakest Link: Cross Capabilities of Large Language Models, Zhong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models for Language Modeling, Lambert et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• MLE-bench: Evaluating Machine Learning Agents on Machine Learning Engineering, Chan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][swarm]

• PaperBench: Evaluating AI's Ability to Replicate AI Research, Starace et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]f[ReportBench]

• YourBench: Easy Custom Evaluation Sets for Everyone, Shashidhar et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][evaluate][evaluation-guidebook][xbench-evals]

• EvaLearn: Quantifying the Learning Capability and Efficiency of LLMs via Sequential Problem Solving, Dou et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• WideSearch: Benchmarking Agentic Broad Info-Seeking, Wong et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][FutureX]

• CL-bench: A Benchmark for Context Learning, Dou et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code]

• [Open LLM Leaderboard][lighteval][evaluate]

• [AlpacaEval Leaderboard][alpaca_eval]

• [Chatbot-Arena-Leaderboard][blog][FastChat][arena-hard-auto][WebDev Arena]

• [lm-evaluation-harness][OpenAI Evals][simple-evals][OpenAI Evals]

• [OpenCompass][GAOKAO-Eval][VLMEvalKit][EvalScope]

• [llm-colosseum][GamingAgent][UltraEval][Humanity's Last Exam]

3.3.5 Hallucination

• Extrinsic Hallucinations in LLMs, Lilian Weng, 2024. [blog][hallucination-leaderboard]
• Siren's Song in the AI Ocean: A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions, Huang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Awesome-MLLM-Hallucination]
• The Dawn After the Dark: An Empirical Study on Factuality Hallucination in Large Language Models, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• FacTool: Factuality Detection in Generative AI -- A Tool Augmented Framework for Multi-Task and Multi-Domain Scenarios, Chem et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][OlympicArena][FActScore]
• Chain-of-Verification Reduces Hallucination in Large Language Models, Dhuliawala et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• HallusionBench: An Advanced Diagnostic Suite for Entangled Language Hallucination and Visual Illusion in Large Vision-Language Models, Guan et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code][LRM-FactEval]
• Woodpecker: Hallucination Correction for Multimodal Large Language Models, Yin et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• OPERA: Alleviating Hallucination in Multi-Modal Large Language Models via Over-Trust Penalty and Retrospection-Allocation, Huang et al., CVPR 2024 Highlight. [paper][code]
• TrustLLM: Trustworthiness in Large Language Models, Sun et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• SAFE: Long-form factuality in large language models, Wei et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• RefChecker: Reference-based Fine-grained Hallucination Checker and Benchmark for Large Language Models, Hu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][HaluAgent][LLMsKnow]
• Detecting hallucinations in large language models using semantic entropy, Farquhar et al., Nature 2024. [paper][semantic_uncertainty][long_hallucinations][Semantic Uncertainty ICLR 2023][Lynx-hallucination-detection][hallucination_probes]
• A Survey on the Honesty of Large Language Models, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• LLMs Know More Than They Show: On the Intrinsic Representation of LLM Hallucinations, Orgad et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• Uncertainty Quantification for Language Models: A Suite of Black-Box, White-Box, LLM Judge, and Ensemble Scorers, Bouchard and Chauhan, arxiv 2025. [paper][code]
• Why language models hallucinate, OpenAI, 2025. [blog][paper]

3.3.6 Inference

• How to make LLMs go fast, 2023. [blog][Benchmarking LLM Inference Backends][CSE 234: Data Systems for Machine Learning][CS 598: Systems for Generative AI]

• A Visual Guide to Quantization, 2024. [blog]

• Towards Efficient Generative Large Language Model Serving: A Survey from Algorithms to Systems, Miao et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][Awesome-Quantization-Papers][Awesome-Model-Quantization][qllm-eval][Awesome-Token-level-Model-Compression]

• Full Stack Optimization of Transformer Inference: a Survey, Kim et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• A Survey on Efficient Inference for Large Language Models, Zhou et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Awesome-LLM-Inference][A Survey on Inference Engines for Large Language Models][Awesome-Generation-Acceleration][Speed Always Wins]

• LLM.int8(): 8-bit Matrix Multiplication for Transformers at Scale, Dettmers et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code]

• LLM-FP4: 4-Bit Floating-Point Quantized Transformers, Liu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• OmniQuant: Omnidirectionally Calibrated Quantization for Large Language Models, Shao et al., ICLR 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code][SpinQuant][EfficientQAT][ABQ-LLM][VPTQ][ppq][AIMET]

• BitNet: Scaling 1-bit Transformers for Large Language Models, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][microsoft/BitNet][unofficial implementation][BitNet-Transformers][BitNet b1.58][BitNet a4.8][BitNet b1.58 2B4T][BitNet v2][T-MAC][BitBLAS][BiLLM][decoupleQ]

• GPTQ: Accurate Post-Training Quantization for Generative Pre-trained Transformers, Frantar et al., ICLR 2023. [paper][code][AutoGPTQ][QMoE][llmc]

• AWQ: Activation-aware Weight Quantization for LLM Compression and Acceleration, Lin et al., MLSys 2024 Best Paper. [paper][code][AutoAWQ][smoothquant][OmniServe]

• LLM in a flash: Efficient Large Language Model Inference with Limited Memory, Alizadeh et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][air_llm]

• LLMLingua: Compressing Prompts for Accelerated Inference of Large Language Models, Jiang et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code]

• FlexGen: High-Throughput Generative Inference of Large Language Models with a Single GPU, Sheng et al., ICML 2023. [paper][code]

• PowerInfer: Fast Large Language Model Serving with a Consumer-grade GPU, Song et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][llama.cpp][airllm][PowerInfer-2][PowerServe][prima.cpp]

• FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness, Dao et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code]

• FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioning, Tri Dao, ICLR 2024. [paper][code][xformers][SageAttention][SpargeAttn]

• FlashAttention-3: Fast and Accurate Attention with Asynchrony and Low-precision, Shah et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][FlashAttention-4]

• vllm: Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttention, Kwon et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][vLLM-Omni][FastChat][ollama][Nano vLLM][Inside vLLM]

• SGLang: Efficient Execution of Structured Language Model Programs, Zheng et al., NeurIPS 2024. [blog][paper][code][SGLang-Omni][sgl-learning-materials][Genai-Bench][SpecForge][PD Disaggregation and Large-scale Expert Parallelism][Transformers backend integration in SGLang][SGLang Diffusion]

• FlashInfer: Efficient and Customizable Attention Engine for LLM Inference Serving, Ye et al., MLSys 2025 Best Paper. [paper][code][Mirage Persistent Kernel][DeepGEMM][HPC-Ops]

• Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Heads, Cai et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][SnapKV][KVCache-Factory][SpecInfer]

• EAGLE: Speculative Sampling Requires Rethinking Feature Uncertainty, Li et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][EAGLE-2][EAGLE-3][SpecForge][LLMSpeculativeSampling][Sequoia][HASS][LongSpec][FastMTP][DFlash][Speculative Speculative Decoding]

• ReDrafter: Recurrent Drafter for Fast Speculative Decoding in Large Language Models, Cheng et al., arxiv 2024. [blog][paper][code][A Hitchhiker's Guide to Speculative Decoding]

• Unlocking Efficiency in Large Language Model Inference: A Comprehensive Survey of Speculative Decoding, Xia et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Speculative Decoding and Beyond][Spec-Bench]

• APAR: LLMs Can Do Auto-Parallel Auto-Regressive Decoding, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][[code]][Ouroboros]

• Lookahead Decoding: Break the Sequential Dependency of LLM Inference Using Lookahead Decoding, Fu et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][Consistency_LLM][Lookahead]

• MInference 1.0: Accelerating Pre-filling for Long-Context LLMs via Dynamic Sparse Attention, Jiang et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][MMInference]

• Sarathi-Serve: Taming Throughput-Latency Tradeoff in LLM Inference with Sarathi-Serve, Agrawal et al., OSDI 2024. [paper][code][SARATHI][ORCA OSDI 2022][continuous batching blog][vattention]

• DistServe: Disaggregating Prefill and Decoding for Goodput-optimized Large Language Model Serving, Zhong et al., OSDI 2024. [blog][paper][code][Adrenaline][Semi-PD]

• Prompt Cache: Modular Attention Reuse for Low-Latency Inference, Gim et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][FastServe][LMCache][Prompt caching]

• Reducing Transformer Key-Value Cache Size with Cross-Layer Attention, Brandon et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][YOCO][KVCache-Factory][InfiniGen][kvpress][KIVI][KVQuant][Awesome-KV-Cache-Compression][R-KV][kvcached][Awesome-KV-Cache-Optimization][DualPath]

• Mooncake: A KVCache-centric Disaggregated Architecture for LLM Serving, Qin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][ktransformers][Prefill-as-a-Service]

• NanoFlow: Towards Optimal Large Language Model Serving Throughput, Zhu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• DuoAttention: Efficient Long-Context LLM Inference with Retrieval and Streaming Heads, Xiao et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][Star-Attention][LoongServe][FlexPrefill]

• XGrammar: Flexible and Efficient Structured Generation Engine for Large Language Models, Dong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][mlc-llm]

• Defeating Nondeterminism in LLM Inference, He et al., Thinking Machines 2025. [blog][code]

• [TensorRT-LLM][TransformerEngine][FasterTransformer][TritonServer][Dynamo][GenerativeAIExamples][TensorRT-Model-Optimizer][TensorRT][kvpress][Model-Optimizer][OpenVINO]

• [DeepSpeed-MII][DeepSpeed-FastGen][ONNX Runtime][onnx][Nanoflow]

• [text-generation-inference][text-embeddings-inference][quantization][optimum-quanto][optimum][huggingface-inference-toolkit][torchao]

• [OpenLLM][mlc-llm][ollama][open-webui][torchchat]

• [LMDeploy][lightllm][Xinference][FastEmbed][LitServe]

• [ggml][exllamav2][llama.cpp][ktransformers][gpt-fast][fastllm][CTranslate2][ipex-llm][rtp-llm][KsanaLLM][ppl.nn][ZhiLight][WeChat-TFCC][ncnn][AngelSlim][llumnix][dash-infer][truss][chitu][Tiny LLM][TileRT]

• [ChuanhuChatGPT][ChatGPT-Next-Web]

3.3.7 MoE

• Mixture of Experts Explained, Sanseviero et al., Hugging Face Blog 2023. [blog]

• Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer, Shazeer et al., arxiv 2017. [paper][Re-Implementation]

• GShard: Scaling Giant Models with Conditional Computation and Automatic Sharding, Lepikhin et al., ICLR 2021. [paper][mixture-of-experts]

• MegaBlocks: Efficient Sparse Training with Mixture-of-Experts, Gale et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• Mixture-of-Experts Meets Instruction Tuning:A Winning Combination for Large Language Models, Shen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][[code]]

• Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity, Fedus et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][code]

• Fast Inference of Mixture-of-Experts Language Models with Offloading, Eliseev and Mazur, arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Mixtral-8×7B: Mixtral of Experts, Jiang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][megablocks-public][model][blog][Chinese-Mixtral-8x7B][Chinese-Mixtral]

• DeepSeekMoE: Towards Ultimate Expert Specialization in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models, Dai et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code]

• DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model, DeepSeek-AI, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DeepSeek-V2.5]

• DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report, DeepSeek-AI, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DeepSeek-R1][DeepEP][open-infra-index][Insights into DeepSeek-V3]

• DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models, DeepSeek-AI, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Engram][Nested Learning]

• Let the Expert Stick to His Last: Expert-Specialized Fine-Tuning for Sparse Architectural Large Language Models, Wang et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][Auxiliary-Loss-Free Load Balancing Strategy for Mixture-of-Experts][On Implementing Load Balancing Loss for Training Specialized Mixture-of-Expert Models][LPLB]

• Evolutionary Optimization of Model Merging Recipes, Akiba et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• A Closer Look into Mixture-of-Experts in Large Language Models, Lo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• A Survey on Mixture of Experts, Cai et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• HMoE: Heterogeneous Mixture of Experts for Language Modeling, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Configurable Foundation Models: Building LLMs from a Modular Perspective][Chain-of-Experts]

• OLMoE: Open Mixture-of-Experts Language Models, Muennighoff et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][OpenMoE]

• Hunyuan-Large: An Open-Source MoE Model with 52 Billion Activated Parameters by Tencent, Sun et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Hunyuan-A13B][Hunyuan-TurboS][TransMamba][FastCuRL]

• Comet: Fine-grained Computation-communication Overlapping for Mixture-of-Experts, Zhang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][open-infra-index]

• Ling-MOE: Every FLOP Counts: Scaling a 300B Mixture-of-Experts LING LLM without Premium GPUs, Ling Team, AI@Ant Group, arxiv 2025. [paper][Ling 2.0: Every Activation Boosted][inclusionAI][Ling][Ling-V2][Ling-Coder-lite][Ring-lite][Ring-1T][Ring-linear][DLRover][GroveMoE][Ring-V2.5]

• Linear-MoE: Linear Sequence Modeling Meets Mixture-of-Experts, Sun et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][MiniMax-01][Hunyuan-TurboS][MiniMax-M1][Ring-lite]

• Kimi K2: Open Agentic Intelligence, Kimi Team, arxiv 2025. [blog][paper][code][Kimi K2 Thinking blog][Kimi-K2.5][Kimi Vendor Verifier][GLM-4.5][The Big LLM Architecture Comparison]

• [llama-moe][Aurora][OpenMoE][makeMoE][PEER-pytorch][GRIN-MoE][MoE-plus-plus][MoH][MoE-PEFT][Cortex]

3.3.8 PEFT (Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning)

• [DeepSpeed][DeepSpeedExamples][blog]

• [Megatron-LM][NeMo][Megatron-Bridge][Automodel][Megatron-DeepSpeed][Megatron-DeepSpeed][Pai-Megatron-Patch][Megatron-MoE-ModelZoo][verl_megatron_practice][Megatron-FSDP][Megatron-Energon]

• [torchtune][torchtitan][torchao][TorchRL][torchforge][OpenEnv]

• [PEFT][trl][autotrain-advanced][accelerate][LLaMA-Factory][ms-swift][Axolotl][LMFlow][xtuner][MFTCoder][llm-foundry][Liger-Kernel][MoE-PEFT]

• [unsloth][Meta Lingua][oumi][VeOmni][Tinker Cookbook][OpenTinker]

• [mergekit][merge-models][Model Merging][OpenChatKit]

• [The Effect of Prompt Tokens on Instruction Tuning][LoRA Without Regret]

• LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models, Hu et al., ICLR 2022. [paper][code][LoRA From Scratch][lora][dora][MoRA][ziplora-pytorch][alpaca-lora][lorax][Text-to-LoRA][Doc-to-LoRA][Zero-Shot Prompt-to-Weights]

• QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs, Dettmers et al., NeurIPS 2023 Oral. [paper][code][bitsandbytes][unsloth][ir-qlora][fsdp_qlora][QeRL]

• S-LoRA: Serving Thousands of Concurrent LoRA Adapters, Sheng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][AdaLoRA][LoRAMoE][lorahub][O-LoRA][qa-lora]

• LoRA-GA: Low-Rank Adaptation with Gradient Approximation, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LoRA-Pro blog][dora][PiSSA]

• GaLore: Memory-Efficient LLM Training by Gradient Low-Rank Projection, Zhao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Q-GaLore][WeLore][Fira]

• Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generation, Li et al., ACL 2021. [paper][code]

• Adapter: Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLP, Houlsby et al., ICML 2019. [paper][code][unify-parameter-efficient-tuning]

• Adapters: A Unified Library for Parameter-Efficient and Modular Transfer Learning, Poth et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code][A Survey on LoRA of Large Language Models]

• LLM-Adapters: An Adapter Family for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models, Hu et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code]

• LLaMA-Adapter: Efficient Fine-tuning of Language Models with Zero-init Attention, Zhang et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• LLaMA Pro: Progressive LLaMA with Block Expansion, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• P-Tuning: GPT Understands, Too, Liu et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][code]

• P-Tuning v2: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Universally Across Scales and Tasks, Liu et al., ACL 2022. [paper][code][pet][PrefixTuning]

• Towards a Unified View of Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning, He et al., ICLR 2022. [paper][code]

• Parameter-efficient fine-tuning of large-scale pre-trained language models, Ding et al., Nature Machine Intelligence 2023. [paper][code]

• Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Large Models: A Comprehensive Survey, Han et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Foundation Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Mixed Precision Training, Micikevicius et al., ICLR 2018. [paper]

• 8-bit Optimizers via Block-wise Quantization Dettmers et al., ICLR 2022. [paper][code]

• FP8-LM: Training FP8 Large Language Models Peng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• NEFTune: Noisy Embeddings Improve Instruction Finetuning, Jain et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][NoisyTune][transformer_arithmetic]

• LMFlow: An Extensible Toolkit for Finetuning and Inference of Large Foundation Models, Diao et al., NAACL 2024. [paper][code]

• LlamaFactory: Unified Efficient Fine-Tuning of 100+ Language Models, Zheng et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][360-LLaMA-Factory][EasyR1]

• SWIFT:A Scalable lightWeight Infrastructure for Fine-Tuning, Zhao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Twinkle]

• ReFT: Representation Finetuning for Language Models, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DFT]

• On-Policy Distillation, Lu et al., Thinking Machines 2025. [blog][code][LoRA Without Regret][slime docs][ms-swift docs][Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD)][A Survey of On-Policy Distillation for Large Language Models][Rethinking On-Policy Distillation of Large Language Models]

3.3.9 Prompt Learning

• OpenPrompt: An Open-source Framework for Prompt-learning, Ding et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][code]

• Learning to Generate Prompts for Dialogue Generation through Reinforcement Learning, Su et al., arxiv 2022. [paper]

• Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers, Zhou et al., ICLR 2023. [paper][code]

• Large Language Models as Optimizers, Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Principled Instructions Are All You Need for Questioning LLaMA-1/2, GPT-3.5/4, Bsharat et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Meta-Prompting: Enhancing Language Models with Task-Agnostic Scaffolding, Suzgun and Kalai, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][docs]

• AutoPrompt: Intent-based Prompt Calibration: Enhancing prompt optimization with synthetic boundary cases, Levi et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][automatic_prompt_engineer][appl][sammo][prompt-poet][ell]

• LangGPT: Rethinking Structured Reusable Prompt Design Framework for LLMs from the Programming Language, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• The Prompt Report: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Techniques, Schulhoff et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][A Survey of Prompt Engineering Methods in Large Language Models for Different NLP Tasks][A Systematic Survey of Prompt Engineering in Large Language Models: Techniques and Applications]

• [PromptPapers][OpenAI Docs][ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers][Prompt Engineering Guide][k12promptguide][gpt-prompt-engineer][awesome-chatgpt-prompts][awesome-chatgpt-prompts-zh][Prompt_Engineering][system-prompts-and-models-of-ai-tools][System Prompts Leaks][leaked-system-prompts][CL4R1T4S][Anthropic System Prompts][Prompt engineering overview][GPT-5 prompting guide]

• The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning, Lester et al., EMNLP 2021. [paper][code][soft-prompt-tuning][Prompt-Tuning]

• A Survey on In-context Learning, Dong et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code]

• Rethinking the Role of Demonstrations: What Makes In-Context Learning Work, Min et al., EMNLP 2022. [paper][code]

• Larger language models do in-context learning differently, Wei et al., arxiv 2023. [paper]

• PAL: Program-aided Language Models, Gao et al., ICML 2023. [paper][code][CodeAct]

• A Comprehensive Survey on Instruction Following, Lou et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• RLHF: Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences, Christiano et al., NIPS 2017. [paper]

• RLHF: Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferences, Ziegler et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code][lm-human-preference-details]

• RLHF: Learning to summarize from human feedback, Stiennon et al., NeurIPS 2020. [paper][code]

• RLHF: Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, Bai et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learners, Wei et al., ICLR 2022. [paper]

• Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models: A Survey, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• What learning algorithm is in-context learning? Investigations with linear models, Akyürek et al., ICLR 2023. [paper]

• Why Can GPT Learn In-Context? Language Models Implicitly Perform Gradient Descent as Meta-Optimizers, Dai et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Models, Mei et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Context Engineering][Context Engineering Template]

3.3.10 RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation)

• Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey, Gao et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Modular RAG]

• Retrieval-Augmented Generation for AI-Generated Content: A Survey, Zhao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• A Survey on Retrieval-Augmented Text Generation for Large Language Models, Huang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Natural Language Processing: A Survey][A Survey on RAG Meeting LLMs][A Comprehensive Survey of Retrieval-Augmented Generation]

• RAG and RAU: A Survey on Retrieval-Augmented Language Model in Natural Language Processing, Hu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Towards Trustworthy Retrieval Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey, Ni et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][TrustRAG]

• Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks, Lewis et al., NeurIPS 2020. [paper][code][model][docs][FAISS][REFRAG]

• Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection, Asai et al., ICLR 2024 Oral. [paper][code][CRAG][Golden-Retriever]

• Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering, Karpukhin et al., EMNLP 2020. [paper][code]

• Internet-Augmented Dialogue Generation Komeili et al., arxiv 2021. [paper]

• RETRO: Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokens, Borgeaud et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][RETRO-pytorch]

• FLARE: Active Retrieval Augmented Generation, Jiang et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code]

• FreshLLMs: Refreshing Large Language Models with Search Engine Augmentation, Vu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Chain-of-Note: Enhancing Robustness in Retrieval-Augmented Language Models, Yu et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper]

• Learning to Filter Context for Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• RAPTOR: Recursive Abstractive Processing for Tree-Organized Retrieval, Sarthi et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][tree2retriever][TrustRAG]

• When Large Language Models Meet Vector Databases: A Survey, Jing et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][A Comprehensive Survey on How to Make your LLMs use External Data More Wisely]

• RAFT: Adapting Language Model to Domain Specific RAG, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• RA-ISF: Learning to Answer and Understand from Retrieval Augmentation via Iterative Self-Feedback, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• RQ-RAG: Learning to Refine Queries for Retrieval Augmented Generation, Chan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Adaptive-RAG][Advanced RAG 11: Query Classification and Refinement]

• Blended RAG: Improving RAG (Retriever-Augmented Generation) Accuracy with Semantic Search and Hybrid Query-Based Retrievers, Sawarkar et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][infinity]

• FlashRAG: A Modular Toolkit for Efficient Retrieval-Augmented Generation Research, Jin et al., WWW 2025. [paper][code][FlashRAG-Paddle][Auto-RAG][flexrag][LevelRAG]

• HippoRAG: Neurobiologically Inspired Long-Term Memory for Large Language Models, Gutiérrez et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][HippoRAG 2]

• From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarization, Edge et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][PIKE-RAG][GraphRAG-Local-UI][nano-graphrag][fast-graphrag][graph-rag][llm-graph-builder][Triplex][knowledge_graph_maker][itext2kg][KG_RAG]

• LightRAG: Simple and Fast Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Guo et al., EMNLP 2025. [paper][code][MiniRAG][RAG-Anything][KAG][HybGRAG][CAG][GraphRAG][Graph-R1][Youtu-GraphRAG]

• Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey, Peng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Graphs][code][Awesome-GraphRAG]

• Searching for Best Practices in Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Seven Failure Points When Engineering a Retrieval Augmented Generation System][Improving Retrieval Performance in RAG Pipelines with Hybrid Search][15 Advanced RAG Techniques from Pre-Retrieval to Generation]

• Self-Reasoning: Improving Retrieval Augmented Language Model with Self-Reasoning, Xia et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• RAG Foundry: A Framework for Enhancing LLMs for Retrieval Augmented Generation, Fleischer et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][fastRAG][rag-retrieval-study]

• RAGEval: Scenario Specific RAG Evaluation Dataset Generation Framework, Zhu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Evaluation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey][Ragas][RAGChecker][rageval][CORAL][WebWalker][Open RAG Eval]

• A Hybrid RAG System with Comprehensive Enhancement on Complex Reasoning, Yuan et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][ind_kdd_2024/][KDD2024-WhoIsWho-Top3]

• MemoRAG: Moving towards Next-Gen RAG Via Memory-Inspired Knowledge Discovery, Qian et al., WWW 2025. [paper][code][mem0][Memary][MemoryScope][memoripy][memobase][A-MEM][cognee]

• HtmlRAG: HTML is Better Than Plain Text for Modeling Retrieved Knowledge in RAG Systems, Tan et al., WWW 2025. [paper][code]

• Introducing Contextual Retrieval, Anthropic, 2024. [blog][Contextual Compression in Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models][ContextRAG][LongRefiner]

• LGMGC: Passage Segmentation of Documents for Extractive Question Answering, Liu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][Meta-Chunking][chonkie][chonky][PageIndex][Vision-Guided Chunking]

• ColPali: Efficient Document Retrieval with Vision Language Models, Faysse et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][VARAG][ColiVara][docling][M3DocRAG][Visualized BGE][OmniSearch][nv-ingest]

• VisRAG: Vision-based Retrieval-augmented Generation on Multi-modality Documents, Yu et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][Visualized BGE][RAGViz][RAVQA][ViDoRAG][Gurubase][LamRA][RAG-Anything][UltraRAG]

• VideoRAG: Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Extreme Long-Context Videos, Ren et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][StreamRAG][VideoRAG][Ask in Any Modality][Video Search and Summarization][VidVec]

• Search-o1: Agentic Search-Enhanced Large Reasoning Models, Li et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][WebThinker][HiRA][Agentic-R][CoRAG][DeepRAG][StructRAG][ReAG][Search-R1][r1-reasoning-rag][R1-Searcher][MCTS-RAG][ReaRAG][ReasonRAG][Diver][DeepRead]

• ReSearch: Learning to Reason with Search for LLMs via Reinforcement Learning, Chen et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Synergizing RAG and Reasoning][Agentic-RAG-R1]

• Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey on Agentic RAG, Singh et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval, Weller et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• ACL 2023 Tutorial: Retrieval-based Language Models and Applications, Asai et al., ACL 2023. [link]

• [Advanced RAG Techniques: an Illustrated Overview][Chinese Version][RAG_Techniques][Controllable-RAG-Agent][GenAI_Agents][Agents Towards Production][bRAG-langchain][GenAI-Showcase][All RAG Techniques]

• [LangChain][blog][LangChain Hub][LangGraph][LangGraph 101][executive-ai-assistant][deepagents]

• [LlamaIndex][llama_deploy][A Cheat Sheet and Some Recipes For Building Advanced RAG][Fine-Tuning Embeddings for RAG with Synthetic Data]

• [chatgpt-retrieval-plugin][Awesome-LLM-RAG-Application]

• [haystack][Langchain-Chatchat][RAGFlow][infinity]

• [ragas][rageval]

• Browse the web with GPT-4V and Vimium [vimGPT]

• [QAnything][RAGFlow][fastRAG][anything-llm][FastGPT][mem0][Memary]

• [trt-llm-rag-windows][history_rag][gpt-crawler][R2R][rag-notebook-to-microservices][MaxKB][Verba][cognita][llmware][quivr][kotaemon][RAGMeUp][pandas-ai][DeepSeek-RAG-Chatbot]

• [RAG-Retrieval][FlashRank][rank_bm25][PGRAG][CRUD_RAG][PlanRAG][DPA-RAG][FollowRAG][LongRAG][structured-rag][RAGLab][autogluon-rag][VARAG][PAI-RAG][RagVL][AutoRAG][RetroLLM][RAG-Instruct][RapidRAG][UltraRAG][MMOA-RAG][EasyRAG][HiRAG][RAG-Challenge-2][WeKnora][arXiv Paper Curator]

• [PDF-Extract-Kit][MinerU][colpali][localGPT-Vision][mPLUG-DocOwl][nv-ingest][Dolphin]

Text Embedding

• BEIR: A Heterogenous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models, Thakur et al., NeurIPS 2021. [paper][code][AIR-Bench]

• MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark, Muennighoff et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code][leaderboard][MMTEB][MIEB]

• Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks, Reimers et al., EMNLP 2019. [paper][code][model][vec2text]

• SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings, Gao et al., EMNLP 2021. [paper][code][AnglE ACL 2024]

• OpenAI: Text and Code Embeddings by Contrastive Pre-Training, Neelakantan et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][blog]

• MRL: Matryoshka Representation Learning, Kusupati et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code]

• BGE: C-Pack: Packaged Resources To Advance General Chinese Embedding, Xiao et al., SIGIR 2024. [paper][code][bge reranker][FlagEmbedding]

• LLM-Embedder: Retrieve Anything To Augment Large Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][ACL 2024][llm_reranker][FlagEmbedding]

• BGE M3-Embedding: Multi-Lingual, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation, Chen et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][FlagEmbedding][blog]

• VISTA: Visualized Text Embedding For Universal Multi-Modal Retrieval, Zhou et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][BGE-VL][MegaPairs][BGE-VL-base][BGE-VL-Screenshot][BGE-Coder]

• BGE-ICL: Making Text Embedders Few-Shot Learners, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Qwen3 Embedding: Advancing Text Embedding and Reranking Through Foundation Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Qwen3-VL-Embedding and Qwen3-VL-Reranker: A Unified Framework for State-of-the-Art Multimodal Retrieval and Ranking, Li et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code]

• [m3e-base][acge_text_embedding][xiaobu-embedding-v2][stella_en_1.5B_v5][Conan-embedding-v2]

• Jina Embeddings 2: 8192-Token General-Purpose Text Embeddings for Long Documents, Günther et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][jina-embeddings-v2][jina-reranker-v2][reader-lm-1.5b][ReaderLM-v2][pe_rank][Jina CLIP][jina-embeddings-v3][jina-embeddings-v4][jina-embeddings-v5-text][jina-reranker-v3][Jina-VLM][Audio Embedding Kickstarter]

• GTE: Towards General Text Embeddings with Multi-stage Contrastive Learning, Li et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][model][gte-Qwen2-7B-instruct][gte-large-en-v1.5][gme-Qwen2-VL-2B-Instruct][CodeFuse-Embeddings]

• [BCEmbedding][bce-embedding-base_v1][bce-reranker-base_v1]

• [CohereV3]

• One Embedder, Any Task: Instruction-Finetuned Text Embeddings, Su et al., ACL 2023. [paper][code]

• E5: Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Models, Wang et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][model][llm2vec][When Text Embedding Meets Large Language Model: A Comprehensive Survey][LongEmbed]

• Nomic Embed: Training a Reproducible Long Context Text Embedder, Nussbaum et al., Nomic AI 2024. [paper][code][nomic-embed-vision-v1.5][nomic-embed-text-v2-moe]

• GritLM: Generative Representational Instruction Tuning, Muennighoff et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][OneGen]

• LLM2Vec: Large Language Models Are Secretly Powerful Text Encoders, BehnamGhader et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LLM2Vec-Gen][VLM2Vec][Gemini Embedding]

• NV-Embed: Improved Techniques for Training LLMs as Generalist Embedding Models, Lee et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][model][nv-ingest][EmbeddingGemma][Llama-Embed-Nemotron-8B]

• PE-Rank: Leveraging Passage Embeddings for Efficient Listwise Reranking with Large Language Models, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• MM-Embed: Universal Multimodal Retrieval with Multimodal LLMs, Lin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][modeling_nvmmembed.py][magiclens][E5-V][Visualized BGE][VLM2Vec][GME-Qwen2-VL][mmE5][LLaVE][perception_models][UniME][MetaEmbed][SAIL-Embedding][Gemini Embedding 2][OmniEmbed-v0.1]

• Vision Encoders in Vision-Language Models: A Survey, Han Xiao, 2025. [paper][Jina-VLM]

• pplx-embed: Diffusion-Pretrained Dense and Contextual Embeddings, Eslami et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][model]

• [JamAIBase][fastembed][rerankers][Rankify][RAG-Retrieval][Tevatron][model2vec]

3.3.11 Reasoning and Planning

• Few-Shot-CoT: Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models, Wei et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][chain-of-thought-hub]

• Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models, Wang et al., ICLR 2023. [paper]

• Zero-Shot-CoT: Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners, Kojima et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code]

• Auto-CoT: Automatic Chain of Thought Prompting in Large Language Models, Zhang et al., ICLR 2023. [paper][code]

• Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Fine-tune-CoT: Large Language Models Are Reasoning Teachers, Ho et al., ACL 2023. [paper][code]

• The CoT Collection: Improving Zero-shot and Few-shot Learning of Language Models via Chain-of-Thought Fine-Tuning, Kim et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code]

• Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Without Prompting, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models, Yao et al., ICLR 2023. [paper][code][LangGraph ReAct Agent Template][Ralph Loop][Ralph Loop Plugin][Ralph Wiggum Plugin]

• MM-REACT: Prompting ChatGPT for Multimodal Reasoning and Action, Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][AutoAct]

• Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models, Yao et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][Plug in and Play Implementation][tree-of-thought-prompting]

• Graph of Thoughts: Solving Elaborate Problems with Large Language Models, Besta et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Cumulative Reasoning with Large Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][On the Diagram of Thought]

• Algorithm of Thoughts: Enhancing Exploration of Ideas in Large Language Models, Sel et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][unofficial code]

• Everything of Thoughts: Defying the Law of Penrose Triangle for Thought Generation, Ding et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Diffusion of Thoughts: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Diffusion Language Models, Ye et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Least-to-Most Prompting Enables Complex Reasoning in Large Language Models, Zhou et al., ICLR 2023. [paper]

• DEPS: Describe, Explain, Plan and Select: Interactive Planning with Large Language Models Enables Open-World Multi-Task Agents, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• RAP: Reasoning with Language Model is Planning with World Model, Hao et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code][LLM Reasoners COLM 2024][AgentGen KDD 2025]

• LEMA: Learning From Mistakes Makes LLM Better Reasoner, An et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Program of Thoughts Prompting: Disentangling Computation from Reasoning for Numerical Reasoning Tasks, Chen et al., TMLR 2023. [paper][code]

• Chain of Code: Reasoning with a Language Model-Augmented Code Emulator, Li et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][[code]]

• The Impact of Reasoning Step Length on Large Language Models, Jin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Plan-and-Solve Prompting: Improving Zero-Shot Chain-of-Thought Reasoning by Large Language Models, Wang et al., ACL 2023. [paper][code][maestro][TravelPlanner]

• Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate, Du et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][Multi-Agents-Debate]

• Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedback, Madaan et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][MCT Self-Refine][SelFee]

• Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning, Shinn et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][Experiential Reinforcement Learning][Complementary Reinforcement Learning]

• CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquing, Gou et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][DeepCritic]

• LATS: Language Agent Tree Search Unifies Reasoning Acting and Planning in Language Models, Zhou et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code]

• Self-Discover: Large Language Models Self-Compose Reasoning Structures, Zhou et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][unofficial implementation][SELF-DISCOVER]

• RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Horizon Generation, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• KnowAgent: Knowledge-Augmented Planning for LLM-Based Agents, Zhu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][KnowLM][KnowPAT]

• Advancing LLM Reasoning Generalists with Preference Trees, Yuan et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][PRIME]

• Buffer of Thoughts: Thought-Augmented Reasoning with Large Language Models, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][SymbCoT]

• ReST-EM: Beyond Human Data: Scaling Self-Training for Problem-Solving with Language Models, Singh et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][unofficial code]

• ReST meets ReAct: Self-Improvement for Multi-Step Reasoning LLM Agent, Aksitov et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][[code]]

• Searchformer: Beyond A: Better Planning with Transformers via Search Dynamics Bootstrapping*, Lehnert et al., COLM 2024. [paper][code][Dualformer]

• Coconut: Training Large Language Models to Reason in a Continuous Latent Space, Hao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][SIM-CoT][LatentMAS][Awesome-Latent-CoT][The Latent Space]

• How Far Are We from Intelligent Visual Deductive Reasoning?, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• PlanRAG: A Plan-then-Retrieval Augmented Generation for Generative Large Language Models as Decision Makers, Lee et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Husky: A Unified, Open-Source Language Agent for Multi-Step Reasoning, Kim et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][QueryAgent][OctoTools][START][ZeroTIR]

• Sibyl: Simple yet Effective Agent Framework for Complex Real-world Reasoning, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Internal Consistency and Self-Feedback in Large Language Models: A Survey, Liang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Prover-Verifier Games improve legibility of language model outputs, Kirchner et al., 2024. [blog][paper]

• Self-Training with Direct Preference Optimization Improves Chain-of-Thought Reasoning, Wang et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code]

• ReST-MCTS*: LLM Self-Training via Process Reward Guided Tree Search, Zhang et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][llm-mcts][LightZero][Agent-R][atom]

• GenRM: Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Prediction, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][CriticGPT][Heimdall][Rewarding Progress: Scaling Automated Process Verifiers for LLM Reasoning][Agentic Reward Modeling][Reward Hacking in Reinforcement Learning][DeepSeek-GRM][RM-R1][RewardAnything][Skywork-Reward-V2][POLAR]

• PRIME: Process Reinforcement through Implicit Rewards, Cui et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][TTRL][Free Process Rewards without Process Labels][OREAL][VisualPRM][Crossing the Reward Bridge][GenPRM]

• rStar: Mutual Reasoning Makes Smaller LLMs Stronger Problem-Solvers, Qi et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][rStar-Math][Orca 2][STaR][Quiet-STaR]

• OpenAI o1: Learning to Reason with LLMs, OpenAI, 2024. [blog][OpenAI o1 System Card][Detecting misbehavior in frontier reasoning models][Agent Q][Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameters][search-and-learn][Let's Verify Step by Step][Thinking LLMs: General Instruction Following with Thought Generation][Awesome-LLM-Strawberry][Awesome-LLM-Reasoning][Claude's extended thinking][claude-think-tool][Reasoning Models Struggle to Control their Chains of Thought]

• O1 Replication Journey: A Strategic Progress Report -- Part 1, Qin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][O1 Replication Journey -- Part 2][O1 Replication Journey -- Part 3][Scaling of Search and Learning][Revisiting the Test-Time Scaling of o1-like Models][LLaMA-O1][Marco-o1][QwQ-32B][qvq-72b-preview][QwQ-Max-Preview][SkyThought][On the Overthinking of o1-Like LLMs][On the Underthinking of o1-Like LLMs][Reinforcing Cognitive Experts]

• ReFT: Reasoning with Reinforced Fine-Tuning, Luong et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][VinePPO][OpenRFT][SoRFT][MRT][Visual-RFT][AdaRFT][Trinity-RFT][Entropy Dynamics in RFT]

• LLaVA-CoT: Let Vision Language Models Reason Step-by-Step, Xu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][internvl2.0_mpo][Insight-V][VisVM][Mulberry][AR-MCTS][Virgo][Virgo][LlamaV-o1][Sherlock][Image-Generation-CoT][Awesome-MLLM-Reasoning][Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning][A Survey on Large Multimodal Reasoning Models][Awesome-RL-based-Reasoning-MLLMs]

• Imitate, Explore, and Self-Improve: A Reproduction Report on Slow-thinking Reasoning Systems, Min et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Enhancing LLM Reasoning with Reward-guided Tree Search][An Empirical Study on Eliciting and Improving R1-like Reasoning Models][Towards Large Reasoning Models][Reasoning models don't always say what they think][Detecting misbehavior in frontier reasoning models][Monitoring Reasoning Models][Understanding Reasoning LLMs][The State of LLM Reasoning Models]

• Towards Reasoning Era: A Survey of Long Chain-of-Thought for Reasoning Large Language Models, Chen et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Awesome-System2-Reasoning-LLM][Stop Overthinking][Awesome_Efficient_LRM_Reasoning][A Survey on Test-Time Scaling in Large Language Models][Awesome-RL-Reasoning-Recipes][Generative AI Act II][100 Days After DeepSeek-R1][A Sober Look at Progress in Language Model Reasoning][Awesome-RL-for-LRMs]

• Mind Evolution: Evolving Deeper LLM Thinking, Lee et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][mind-evolution-pytorch][AlphaEvolve][OpenEvolve][Results of AlphaEvolve]

• DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning, DeepSeek-AI, Nature 2025. [Nature paper][paper][code][Open-R1][Open RS][TinyZero][simpleRL-reason][Logic-RL][DeepScaleR][oat-zero][understand-r1-zero][X-R1][nano-aha-moment][Light-R1][ragen][R1-V][VLM-R1][open-r1-multimodal][R1-Onevision][Visual-RFT][VisualThinker-R1-Zero][the-illustrated-deepseek-r1][Understanding Reasoning LLMs]

• Kimi k1.5: Scaling Reinforcement Learning with LLMs, Kimi Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Kimi-K2][Kimi-Researcher][G1][demystify-long-cot]

• Seed1.5-Thinking: Advancing Superb Reasoning Models with Reinforcement Learning, ByteDance Seed, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Seed-1.8][Seed2.0][Hunyuan-TurboS][MiniMax-M1][Step3][GLM-4.5V and GLM-4.1V-Thinking][Kwai Keye-VL 1.5][Phi-4-reasoning Technical Report][Llama-Nemotron: Efficient Reasoning Models][Magistral][Xiaomi MiMo][Skywork-OR1][Ring-lite][XBai-o4]

• s1: Simple test-time scaling, Muennighoff et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Scaling LLM Test-Time Compute Optimally can be More Effective than Scaling Model Parameters][probabilistic-inference-scaling][LIMO][OpenThinker-32B][L1][Z1][Reasoning Models Can Be Effective Without Thinking][Thinkless][AdaptThink][AdaCoT][ASRR][ThinkDial]

• T1: Advancing Language Model Reasoning through Reinforcement Learning and Inference Scaling, Hou et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Skywork-OR1]

• Scaling up Test-Time Compute with Latent Reasoning: A Recurrent Depth Approach, Geiping et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][ReasonFlux][Can 1B LLM Surpass 405B LLM][SkyThought][AM-Thinking-v1][POLARIS]

• Logic-RL: Unleashing LLM Reasoning with Rule-Based Reinforcement Learning, Xie et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][FastCuRL][SRPO][Tina][Meta-Ability-Alignment][Parallel-R1]

• SimpleRL-Zoo: Investigating and Taming Zero Reinforcement Learning for Open Base Models in the Wild, Zeng et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][CodeIO][Laser][B-STaR][General-Reasoner]

• Open-Reasoner-Zero: An Open Source Approach to Scaling Up Reinforcement Learning on the Base Model, Hu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Skywork-OR1][One-Shot-RLVR][Absolute-Zero-Reasoner][R-Zero][Negative-aware Fine-Tuning][RLPR]

• R1-Zero's "Aha Moment" in Visual Reasoning on a 2B Non-SFT Model, Zhou et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][VLM-R1][open-r1-multimodal][R1-Onevision][Visual-RFT][R1-VL][R1-Omni][Vision-R1][Open-R1-Video][OpenVLThinker][R1-Zero-VSI][VLAA-Thinking][RL-with-Cold-Start][Revisual-R1][SophiaVL-R1][NoisyRollout][VisuLogic-Train][OpenThinkIMG][VisionReasoner][DeepEyes][VisualPlanning][Thinking with Generated Images][GRIT][VTool-R1][Thinking with Images for Multimodal Reasoning][Thyme][Mini-o3]

• LMM-R1: Empowering 3B LMMs with Strong Reasoning Abilities Through Two-Stage Rule-Based RL, Peng et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][MM-EUREKA][Vision-R1][Perception-R1][VisionThink][MMR1][ThinkMorph]

• VLM-R1: A Stable and Generalizable R1-style Large Vision-Language Model, Shen et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][R1-V]

• Skywork R1V: Pioneering Multimodal Reasoning with Chain-of-Thought, Peng et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Skywork R1V2][Skywork-R1V3][Skywork-R1V4][Skywork-VL Reward]

• Video-R1: Reinforcing Video Reasoning in MLLMs, Feng et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][SEED-Bench-R1][Open-R1-Video][TinyLLaVA-Video-R1][Video-Holmes][OneThinker]

• RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning, Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][RAGEN-2][VAGEN][Agent-R1][OpenManus-RL][SWEET-RL][APIGen-MT][ARTIST][SkyRL][rLLM][RL-Factory][Visual-ARFT][verl-agent][Awesome-Agent-RL][SPA-RL-Agent][Multi-Turn-RL-Agent][MARTI][AgentsMeetRL][L0][ARPO][Cognitive Kernel-Pro][Agent Lightning][Agent Reinforcement Trainer][Memento][AgentGym-RL][Tree-GRPO][Pipeline RL][AgentRL][GEM][qqr][MrlX][Multi-Agentic Training with GRPO][HACRL][slime-agentic]

• OpenClaw-RL: Train Any Agent Simply by Talking, Wang et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][Open-AgentRL][MetaClaw][Claw-R1][Claw-Eval]

• Intuitor: Learning to Reason without External Rewards, Zhao et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Entropy-Mechanism-of-RL][One-shot Entropy Minimization][RL-Without-GT][VeriFree][Spurious Rewards][Reasoning Pattern Reward][high-entropy-minority-tokens-rlvr][Energy-Based Transformers][Hierarchical Reasoning Model][DeepConf]

• PaCoRe: Learning to Scale Test-Time Compute with Parallel Coordinated Reasoning, Hu et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][JacobiForcing][Native Parallel Reasoner][Parallel-R1][ThreadWeaver][APR][LongCat-Flash-Thinking-2601]

• [llm-reasoners][g1][Open-O1][show-me][OpenR][CoRT]

Survey

• [Prompt4ReasoningPapers]

3.3.12 Continual Learning

• SDFT: Self-Distillation Enables Continual Learning, Shenfeld et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code]
• SDPO: Reinforcement Learning via Self-Distillation, Hübotter et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][On-Policy Self-Distillation]
• OEL: Online Experiential Learning for Language Models, Ye et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][On-Policy Context Distillation][Relaxed On-Policy Distillation][Black-Box On-Policy Distillation][MiniLLM][Towards On-Policy SFT][Why Does Self-Distillation (Sometimes) Degrade the Reasoning Capability of LLMs][Self-Distilled RLVR][Simple Self-Distillation]

3.4 LLM Theory

• Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models, Kaplan et al., arxiv 2020. [paper][unofficial code][Scaling Laws for LLMs: From GPT-3 to o3]

• Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models, Wei et al., TMRL 2022. [paper]

• Chinchilla: Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models, Hoffmann et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper]

• Scaling Laws for Autoregressive Generative Modeling, Henighan et al., arxiv 2020. [paper]

• Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage, Schaeffer et al., NeurIPS 2023 Outstanding Paper. [paper]

• Understanding Emergent Abilities of Language Models from the Loss Perspective, Du et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Predicting Emergent Capabilities by Finetuning]

• S2A: System 2 Attention (is something you might need too, Weston et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][Distilling System 2 into System 1][system-2-research][Test-time Computing: from System-1 Thinking to System-2 Thinking][Towards System 2 Reasoning in LLMs][Awesome-System2-Reasoning-LLM]

• Is Chain-of-Thought Reasoning of LLMs a Mirage? A Data Distribution Lens, Zhao et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Memory3: Language Modeling with Explicit Memory, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Scaling Laws for Downstream Task Performance of Large Language Models, Isik et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Establishing Task Scaling Laws via Compute-Efficient Model Ladders][Inference Scaling Laws][Densing Law of LLMs][Scaling Laws for Optimal Sparsity for Mixture-of-Experts Language Models][Distillation Scaling Laws]

• Scalable Pre-training of Large Autoregressive Image Models, El-Nouby et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][An Empirical Study of Autoregressive Pre-training from Videos]

• When Scaling Meets LLM Finetuning: The Effect of Data, Model and Finetuning Method, Zhang et al., ICLR 2024. [paper]

• Chain of Thought Empowers Transformers to Solve Inherently Serial Problems, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Physics of Language Models: Part 3.3, Knowledge Capacity Scaling Laws, Allen-Zhu et al, arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Physics of Language Models: Part 2.1, Grade-School Math and the Hidden Reasoning Process, Ye et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][project page]

• Physics of Language Models: Part 2.2, How to Learn From Mistakes on Grade-School Math Problems, Ye et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• Language Modeling Is Compression, Delétang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][CompressARC][How much do language models memorize][How LLMs and Humans Trade Compression for Meaning]

• Language Models Represent Space and Time, Gurnee and Tegmark, ICLR 2024. [paper][code][The Geometry of Concepts: Sparse Autoencoder Feature Structure][Neural Thickets]

• The Platonic Representation Hypothesis, Huh et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Observational Scaling Laws and the Predictability of Language Model Performance, Ruan et al., NeurIPS 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code]

• Scaling Laws for Precision, Kumar et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Scaling Laws for Floating Point Quantization Training][Scaling Law for Quantization-Aware Training]

• Predictable Scale: Part I -- Optimal Hyperparameter Scaling Law in Large Language Model Pretraining, Li et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][ParScale][The Art of Scaling Reinforcement Learning Compute for LLMs][Scaling Latent Reasoning via Looped Language Models]

• Language models can explain neurons in language models, OpenAI, 2023. [blog][code][transformer-debugger]

• Scaling and evaluating sparse autoencoders, Gao et al., arxiv 2024. [OpenAI Blog][paper][code][Understanding neural networks through sparse circuits][sae-auto-interp][multimodal-sae][Language-Model-SAEs][SAE-Reasoning]

• Towards Monosemanticity: Decomposing Language Models With Dictionary Learning, Anthropic, 2023. [blog]

• Mapping the Mind of a Large Language Model, Anthropic, 2024. [blog][Tracing the thoughts of a large language model][Open-sourcing circuit tracing tools][circuit-tracer][Persona Vectors][Language models transmit behavioural traits through hidden signals in data]

• Usable XAI: 10 Strategies Towards Exploiting Explainability in the LLM Era, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Transformer-Explainability]

• LM Transparency Tool: Interactive Tool for Analyzing Transformer Language Models, Tufanov et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LLM-Microscope]

• Transformer Explainer: Interactive Learning of Text-Generative Models, Cho et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][demo]

• What needs to go right for an induction head? A mechanistic study of in-context learning circuits and their formation, Singh et al., ICML 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code]

• [Transformer Circuits Thread][colah's blog][Transformer Interpretability][Awesome-Interpretability-in-Large-Language-Models][TransformerLens][inseq]

• ROME: Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPT, Meng et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code][FastEdit]

• Editing Large Language Models: Problems, Methods, and Opportunities, Yao et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code][Knowledge Mechanisms in Large Language Models: A Survey and Perspective]

• A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][AlphaEdit]

• [awesome-llm-interpretability][Awesome-LLM-Interpretability]

3.5 Chinese Model

• [Awesome-Chinese-LLM][awesome-LLMs-In-China][awesome-LLM-resourses]
• GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infilling, Du et al., ACL 2022. [paper][code][UniLM]
• GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-trained Model, Zeng et al., ICLR 2023. [paper][code]
• CharacterGLM: Customizing Chinese Conversational AI Characters with Large Language Models, Zhou et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code]
• ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Tools, Zeng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][ChatGLM-6B][ChatGLM2-6B][ChatGLM3][GLM-4][GLM-4.5V and GLM-4.1V-Thinking][modeling_chatglm.py][AgentTuning][AlignBench][GLM-Edge][slime]
• GLM-4.5: Agentic, Reasoning, and Coding (ARC) Foundation Models, GLM-4.5 Team, arxiv 2025. [blog][paper][code][GLM-V][GLM-4.6][GLM-4.7]
• GLM-5: From Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering, arxiv 2026. [blog][paper][code][IndexCache][GLM-5.1 blog]
• Qwen Technical Report, Bai et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• Qwen2 Technical Report, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Qwen-Agent][AutoIF][modeling_qwen2.py]
• Qwen2.5 Technical Report, Qwen Team, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][documentation][Qwen2.5-1M Technical Report][QwenLong-CPRS][QwQ]
• Qwen3 Technical Report, Qwen Team, arxiv 2025. [blog][paper][code][Qwen3-Next][Qwen3-Embedding][WorldPM][Qwen-Doc]
• Gated Attention for Large Language Models: Non-linearity, Sparsity, and Attention-Sink-Free, Qiu et al., NeurIPS 2025 Best Paper. [paper][code][A Unified View of Attention and Residual Sinks]
• Qwen3.5: Towards Native Multimodal Agents, Qwen Team, 2026. [blog][code]
• DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermism, Bi et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][DeepSeek-LLM][DeepSeek-V2][DeepSeek-V3][DeepSeek-Coder][open-infra-index]
• Kimi-VL Technical Report, Kimi Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Moonlight][APOLLO][Kimi K2][Kimi-Linear]
• Kimi K2.5: Visual Agentic Intelligence, Kimi Team, arxiv 2026. [paper][code][Kimi Vendor Verifier][Kimi-Researcher][Kimi Agent System Analysis]
• MiniMax-01: Scaling Foundation Models with Lightning Attention, MiniMax, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][MiniMax-M1][MiniMax-M2][MiniMax-M2.1][MiniMax-M2.5][MiniMax-M2.7][Step-3][Step 3.5 Flash][Linear-MoE][dots.llm1 Technical Report][RedOne]
• ERNIE 4.5 Technical Report, ERNIE Team, Baidu, 2025. [blog][paper][code][ERNIE 5.0 Technical Report][FastDeploy][Qianfan-VL]
• MiniCPM: Unveiling the Potential of Small Language Models with Scalable Training Strategies, Hu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MiniCPM4][MiniCPM-V]
• MiMo: Unlocking the Reasoning Potential of Language Model -- From Pretraining to Posttraining, Xiaomi LLM-Core Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][MiMo-VL][Rollout Routing Replay][Router Replay R3: Why It Failed and How We Fixed It][JudgeRLVR][MiMo-Embodied][MiMo-V2-Flash][HySparse][ARL-Tangram]
• Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Models, Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][BaichuanSEED][Baichuan Alignment Technical Report][KV Shifting Attention Enhances Language Modeling][Baichuan-M1][Baichuan-M2][Baichuan-M3]
• Baichuan-Omni Technical Report, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Baichuan-Omni-1.5 Technical Report][Baichuan-Omni-1.5]
• Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI, Young et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Yi-1.5]
• InternLM2 Technical Report, Cai et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][HuixiangDou]
• TeleChat Technical Report, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][TeleChat2][TeleChat3][Tele-FLM Technical Report][Tele-FLM][Tele-FLM-1T][Technical Report of TeleChat2, TeleChat2.5 and T1]
• Efficient and Effective Text Encoding for Chinese LLaMA and Alpaca, Cui et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Chinese-LLaMA-Alpaca-2][Chinese-LLaMA-Alpaca-3][baby-llama2-chinese]
• Rethinking Optimization and Architecture for Tiny Language Models, Tang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• YuLan: An Open-source Large Language Model, Zhu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Yulan-GARDEN][YuLan-Mini]
• Pangu Ultra: Pushing the Limits of Dense Large Language Models on Ascend NPUs, Pangu Team, Huawei, arxiv 2025. [paper][pangu-ultra][Pangu Ultra MoE][Pangu Pro MoE][pangu-pro-moe][Pangu Light][Pangu Embedded][triton-ascend][PreMoe][Pangu DeepDiver][Serving Large Language Models on Huawei CloudMatrix384][xDeepServe][ascend-training-system][ascend-inference-cluster][ascend-inference-system][AsyncFlow]
• Towards Effective and Efficient Continual Pre-training of Large Language Models, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• [MOSS][MOSS-RLHF]
• [Seed-OSS][LongCat-Flash-Chat][Step-3.5-Flash][SteptronOss][Skywork][Skywork-MoE][Orion][BELLE][Yuan-2.0][Yuan2.0-M32][Yuan3.0][Yuan3.0-Ultra][Fengshenbang-LM][Index-1.9B][dots.llm1][dots.vlm1][Aquila2]
• [LlamaFamily/Llama-Chinese][LinkSoul-AI/Chinese-Llama-2-7b][llama3-Chinese-chat][phi3-Chinese][LLM-Chinese][Llama3-Chinese-Chat][llama3-chinese]
• [Firefly][GPT2-chitchat]
• Alpaca-CoT: An Empirical Study of Instruction-tuning Large Language Models in Chinese, Si et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• Safety Assessment of Chinese Large Language Models, Sun et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][PurpleLlama]

---

CV

• CS231n: Deep Learning for Computer Vision [link]

1. Basic for CV

• AlexNet: ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, Krizhevsky et al., NIPS 2012. [paper][AlexNet-Source-Code]
• VGG: Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition, Simonyan et al., ICLR 2015. [paper]
• GoogLeNet: Going Deeper with Convolutions, Szegedy et al., CVPR 2015. [paper]
• ResNet: Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition, He et al., CVPR 2016 Best Paper. [paper][code][resnet_inference.py]
• DenseNet: Densely Connected Convolutional Networks, Huang et al., CVPR 2017 Oral. [paper][code]
• EfficientNet: Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks, Tan et al., ICML 2019. [paper][code][EfficientNet-PyTorch][noisystudent]
• BYOL: Bootstrap your own latent: A new approach to self-supervised Learning, Grill et al., arxiv 2020. [paper][code][byol-pytorch][simsiam]
• ConvNeXt: A ConvNet for the 2020s, Liu et al., CVPR 2022. [paper][code][ConvNeXt-V2]

2. Contrastive Learning

• MoCo: Momentum Contrast for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning, He et al., CVPR 2020. [paper][code]

• SimCLR: A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations, Chen et al., PMLR 2020. [paper][code]

• CoCa: Contrastive Captioners are Image-Text Foundation Models, Yu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][CoCa-pytorch][multimodal]

• DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervision, Oquab et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][DINOv3]

• FeatUp: A Model-Agnostic Framework for Features at Any Resolution, Fu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• InfoNCE Loss: Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding, Oord et al., arxiv 2018. [paper][unofficial code]

3. CV Application

• NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis, Mildenhall et al., ECCV 2020. [paper][code][nerf-pytorch][NeRF-Factory][LERF][LangSplat]

• GFP-GAN: Towards Real-World Blind Face Restoration with Generative Facial Prior, Wang et al., CVPR 2021. [paper][code][Real-ESRGAN][DreamClear]

• CodeFormer: Towards Robust Blind Face Restoration with Codebook Lookup Transformer, Zhou et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code][APISR][EvTexture][video2x][PMRF][SVFR][Ev-DeblurVSR][Chain-of-Zoom][4KAgent][FlashVSR]

• BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformers, Li et al., ECCV 2022. [paper][code][occupancy_networks][VoxFormer][TPVFormer][GeMap]

• UniAD: Planning-oriented Autonomous Driving, Hu et al., CVPR 2023 Best Paper. [paper][code][DriveAGI][End-to-end-Autonomous-Driving][Awesome-LLM4AD]

• MagicDrive: Street View Generation with Diverse 3D Geometry Control, Gao et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code][MagicDrive3D][MagicDriveDiT][DiffusionDrive][openemma][DrivingWorld][AlphaDrive][Orion][FSDrive]

• [apollo][dagr]

• Nougat: Neural Optical Understanding for Academic Documents, Blecher et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][marker][MixTeX-Latex-OCR][kosmos-2.5][gptpdf][MegaParse][omniparse][llama_parse][PDF-Extract-Kit][docling][ViTLP][markitdown][OCRmyPDF][DocTron-Formula][OpenDataLoader PDF]

• FaceChain: A Playground for Identity-Preserving Portrait Generation, Liu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• PhotoMaker: Customizing Realistic Human Photos via Stacked ID Embedding, Li et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code][AnyDoor][VideoAnydoor]

• InstantID: Zero-shot Identity-Preserving Generation in Seconds, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][InstantStyle][ID-Animator][ConsistentID][PuLID][ComfyUI-InstantID][StableAnimator][MV-Adapter][InfiniteYou][USO][UMO][Stand-In][DreamID-V]

• ReplaceAnything as you want: Ultra-high quality content replacement, [link][OutfitAnyone][IDM-VTON][IMAGDressing][CatVTON][Awesome-Try-On-Models]

• LayerDiffusion: Transparent Image Layer Diffusion using Latent Transparency, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][sd-forge-layerdiffusion][LayerDiffuse_DiffusersCLI][IC-Light][Paints-UNDO]

• DiffBrush: Beyond Isolated Words: Diffusion Brush for Handwritten Text-Line Generation, Dai et al., ICCV 2025. [paper][code][SDT][One-DM]

• Unique3D: High-Quality and Efficient 3D Mesh Generation from a Single Image, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MeshAnything][MeshAnythingV2][InstantMesh][prolificdreamer][Metric3D][ReconX][VideoScene][DimensionX][LLaMa-Mesh][DeepMesh][MetaSpatial][meshgpt-pytorch][ShapeLLM-Omni]

• SF3D: Stable Fast 3D Mesh Reconstruction with UV-unwrapping and Illumination Disentanglement, Boss et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][ViewCrafter][3DTopia-XL][TRELLIS][See3D][Awesome-LLM-3D][MIDI-3D][TripoSG][cube][Kiss3DGen][Direct3D-S2]

• SPAR3D: Stable Point-Aware Reconstruction of 3D Objects from Single Images, Huang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][mvdust3r][LHM][LAM][Difix3D][Step1X-3D][Matrix-3D][TRELLIS.2]

• Sapiens: Foundation for Human Vision Models, Khirodkar et al., ECCV 2024 Oral. [paper][code]

• General OCR Theory: Towards OCR-2.0 via a Unified End-to-end Model, Wei et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][PaddleOCR][tesseract][EasyOCR][llm_aided_ocr][surya][Umi-OCR][zerox][RapidOCR][AdvancedLiterateMachinery][Chandra OCR]

• olmOCR: Unlocking Trillions of Tokens in PDFs with Vision Language Models, Poznanski et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][olmOCR 2][SmolDocling-OCR-App][MonkeyOCR][dots.ocr][dots.mocr][Logics-Parsing][LightOnOCR]

• PaddleOCR-VL: Boosting Multilingual Document Parsing via a 0.9B Ultra-Compact Vision-Language Model, Cui et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][PaddleOCR-VL-1.5][Qianfan-OCR][OCR Model Leaderboard]

• DeepSeek-OCR: Contexts Optical Compression, Wei et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][DeepSeek-OCR 2][Glyph][Context Cascade Compression][PIXEL][deepseek-ocr.rs][DeepOCR][HunyuanOCR][GLM-OCR][Agentic Vision][FireRed-OCR]

• [deepfakes/faceswap][DeepFaceLab][DeepFaceLive][deepface][Deep-Live-Cam][face-alignment][roop][DeepFakeDefenders][HivisionIDPhotos][insightface][VisoMaster]

• [IOPaint][SPADE][PowerPaint]

• [MuseV][ToonCrafter]

• [supervision][labelme][Anomalib]

4. Foundation Model

• ViT: An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale, Dosovitskiy et al., ICLR 2021. [paper][code][vit-pytorch][efficientvit][FasterViT][EfficientFormer][Agent-Attention][T2T-ViT][ViViT]

• ViT-Adapter: Vision Transformer Adapter for Dense Predictions, Chen et al., ICLR 2023 Spotlight. [paper][code]

• Vision Transformers Need Registers, Darcet et al., ICLR 2024 Outstanding Paper. [paper][ConceptAttention][Vision Transformers Don't Need Trained Registers]

• DeiT: Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attention, Touvron et al., ICML 2021. [paper][code]

• ViLT: Vision-and-Language Transformer Without Convolution or Region Supervision, Kim et al., ICML 2021. [paper][code]

• Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows, Liu et al., ICCV 2021. [paper][code][Video-Swin-Transformer]

• MAE: Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learners, He et al., CVPR 2022. [paper][code][FLIP][MaskGIT][LVMAE-pytorch][SparK]

• Florence-2: Advancing a Unified Representation for a Variety of Vision Tasks, Xiao et al., CVPR 2024 Oral. [paper][model][Inference code][Florence-VL]

• LVM: Sequential Modeling Enables Scalable Learning for Large Vision Models, Bai et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• GLEE: General Object Foundation Model for Images and Videos at Scale, Wu wt al., CVPR 2024 Highlight. [paper][code]

• AM-RADIO: Agglomerative Vision Foundation Model -- Reduce All Domains Into One, Ranzinger et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code]

• Tokenize Anything via Prompting, Pan et al., ECCV 2024. [paper][code]

• Vision Mamba: Efficient Visual Representation Learning with Bidirectional State Space Model Zhu et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][VMamba][mambaout][MLLA][OmniMamba]

• MambaVision: A Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Vision Backbone, Hatamizadeh and Kautz, arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Depth Anything: Unleashing the Power of Large-Scale Unlabeled Data, Yang et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code][Depth-Anything-V2][PromptDA][Video-Depth-Anything][ml-depth-pro][DepthCrafter][rollingdepth][DepthAnythingAC][DepthLM][Depth-Anything-3][LingBot-Depth]

• Vision Superalignment: Weak-to-Strong Generalization for Vision Foundation Models, Guo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• TiTok: An Image is Worth 32 Tokens for Reconstruction and Generation, Yu et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][titok-pytorch][Randomized Autoregressive Visual Generation][tokenize-anything][Cosmos-Tokenizer][ViTok][UniTok][TokenFlow][VTP]

• Theia: Distilling Diverse Vision Foundation Models for Robot Learning, Shang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• [pytorch-image-models][vision][LightlyTrain][Pointcept]

5. Generative Model (GAN and VAE)

• GAN: Generative Adversarial Networks, Goodfellow et al., NeurIPS 2014. [paper][code][Pytorch-GAN][DCGAN]
• StyleGAN3: Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networks, Karras etal., NeurIPS 2021. [paper][code][StyleFeatureEditor]
• GigaGAN: Scaling up GANs for Text-to-Image Synthesis, Kang et al., CVPR 2023 Highlight. [paper][project repo][gigagan-pytorch]
• R3GAN: The GAN is dead; long live the GAN! A Modern GAN Baseline, Huang et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code]
• [pytorch-CycleGAN-and-pix2pix][img2img-turbo]
• VAE: Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes, Kingma et al., arxiv 2013. [paper][code][Pytorch-VAE][VAE blog][Glow][RAE][Scale-RAE]
• VQ-VAE: Neural Discrete Representation Learning, Oord et al., NIPS 2017. [paper][code][vector-quantize-pytorch]
• VQ-VAE-2: Generating Diverse High-Fidelity Images with VQ-VAE-2, Razavi et al., arxiv 2019. [paper][code]
• VQGAN: Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis, Esser et al., CVPR 2021. [paper][code][FQGAN]
• VAR: Visual Autoregressive Modeling: Scalable Image Generation via Next-Scale Prediction, Tian et al., NeurIPS 2024 Best Paper. [paper][code][Infinity][InfinityStar]
• LlamaGen: Autoregressive Model Beats Diffusion: Llama for Scalable Image Generation, Sun et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Liquid][causalfusion][DnD-Transformer][chameleon][Emu3][BAGEL][NextStep-1][BitDance]
• SimpleAR: Pushing the Frontier of Autoregressive Visual Generation through Pretraining, SFT, and RL, Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][SAIL]
• MAR: Autoregressive Image Generation without Vector Quantization, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][autoregressive-diffusion-pytorch][NOVA][DiSA]
• Open-MAGVIT2: An Open-Source Project Toward Democratizing Auto-regressive Visual Generation, Luo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][magvit2-pytorch]
• OmniGen: Unified Image Generation, Xiao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][OmniGen2][DreamOmni][VisualCloze][Nexus-Gen][BAGEL][MindOmni]
• HART: Efficient Visual Generation with Hybrid Autoregressive Transformer, Tang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• Autoregressive Models in Vision: A Survey, Xiong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation Models]
• IBQ: Taming Scalable Visual Tokenizer for Autoregressive Image Generation, Shi et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][tokenize-anything][Cosmos-Tokenizer][OmniTokenizer][UniTok][TokenFlow][Divot][VidTok][GigaTok][FlowMo][Selftok][VTP]
• Flow Matching Guide and Code, Lipman et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][CFG-Zero-star][Flow-GRPO][DanceGRPO][MixGRPO][Diffusion Meets Flow Matching][MeanFlow][Flow-Factory][LeapAlign]
• Fractal Generative Models, Li et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][JiT]

6. Image Editing

• InstructPix2Pix: Learning to Follow Image Editing Instructions, Brooks et al., CVPR 2023 Highlight. [paper][code]

• Drag Your GAN: Interactive Point-based Manipulation on the Generative Image Manifold, Pan et al., SIGGRAPH 2023. [paper][code]

• DragDiffusion: Harnessing Diffusion Models for Interactive Point-based Image Editing, Shi et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• DragonDiffusion: Enabling Drag-style Manipulation on Diffusion Models, Mou et al., ICLR 2024 Spolight. [paper][code]

• DragAnything: Motion Control for Anything using Entity Representation, Wu et al., ECCV 2024. [paper][code][Framer][SG-I2V][Go-with-the-Flow]

• LEDITS++: Limitless Image Editing using Text-to-Image Models, Brack et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][demo]

• Diffusion Model-Based Image Editing: A Survey, Huang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• MGIE: Guiding Instruction-based Image Editing via Multimodal Large Language Models, Fu et al., ICLR 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code]

• PromptFix: You Prompt and We Fix the Photo, Yu et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code]

• MimicBrush: Zero-shot Image Editing with Reference Imitation, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][EchoMimic][echomimic_v2][echomimic_v3][BrushNet]

• A Survey of Multimodal-Guided Image Editing with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, Shuai et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Edify Image: High-Quality Image Generation with Pixel Space Laplacian Diffusion Models, Atzmon et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• MagicQuill: An Intelligent Interactive Image Editing System, Liu et al., CVPR 2025. [paper][code]

• BrushEdit: All-In-One Image Inpainting and Editing, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][DiffuEraser][PhotoDoodle][VideoPainter]

• Step1X-Edit: A Practical Framework for General Image Editing, StepFun, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][RealRestorer][SuperEdit][ICEdit][ImgEdit]

• SeedEdit 3.0: Fast and High-Quality Generative Image Editing, Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper]

• EditScore: Unlocking Online RL for Image Editing via High-Fidelity Reward Modeling, Luo et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• [EditAnything][ComfyUI-UltraEdit-ZHO][libcom][Awesome-Image-Composition][RF-Solver-Edit][KV-Edit][HiDream-E1][VAREdit][Awesome-Image-Editing]

7. Object Detection

• DETR: End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers, Carion et al., arxiv 2020. [paper][code][detrex][RT-DETR][rf-detr]

• Focus-DETR: Less is More_Focus Attention for Efficient DETR, Zheng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• U2-Net_Going Deeper with Nested U-Structure for Salient Object Detection, Qin et al., arxiv 2020. [paper][code]

• YOLO: You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection Redmon et al., arxiv 2015. [paper]

• YOLOX: Exceeding YOLO Series in 2021, Ge et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][code]

• Gold-YOLO: Efficient Object Detector via Gather-and-Distribute Mechanism, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Grounding DINO: Marrying DINO with Grounded Pre-Training for Open-Set Object Detection, Liu et al., ECCV 2024. [paper][code][DINO-X][OV-DINO][OmDet][groundingLMM][DeepPerception][Awesome-Visual-Grounding][DEIMv2]

• YOLO-World: Real-Time Open-Vocabulary Object Detection, Cheng et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code]

• YOLOv9: Learning What You Want to Learn Using Programmable Gradient Information, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• T-Rex2: Towards Generic Object Detection via Text-Visual Prompt Synergy, Jiang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][ChatRex][RexSeek][Rex-Thinker][Rex-Omni]

• YOLOv10: Real-Time End-to-End Object Detection, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][YOLOE][YOLOv12]

• D-FINE: Redefine Regression Task in DETRs as Fine-grained Distribution Refinement, Peng et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code]

• [Detectron2][yolov5][MMDetection][MMDetection3D][detrex][Ultralytics YOLO11][AlphaPose][Anomalib]

8. Semantic Segmentation

• U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation, Ronneberger et al., MICCAI 2015. [paper][Pytorch-UNet][xLSTM-UNet-Pytorch]

• SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformers, Xie et al., NeurIPS 2021. [paper][code]

• Segment Anything, Kirillov et al., ICCV 2023. [paper][code][SAM-Adapter-PyTorch][EditAnything][SegmentAnything3D][Semantic-Segment-Anything][Language Segment-Anything]

• SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videos, Ravi et al., ICLR 2025 Outstanding Paper. [blog][paper][code][SAM2Long][Sa2VA]

• SAM 3: Segment Anything with Concepts, Carion et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][SAM 3D Objects][SAM 3D Body]

• VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer, Wang et al., CVPR 2025 Best Paper. [paper][code][Pi3][StreamVGGT][QuantVGGT]

• EfficientSAM: Leveraged Masked Image Pretraining for Efficient Segment Anything, Xiong et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code][FastSAM][RobustSAM][MobileSAM]

• Grounded SAM: Assembling Open-World Models for Diverse Visual Tasks, Ren et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Grounded-SAM-2]

• LISA: Reasoning Segmentation via Large Language Model, Lai et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][VideoLISA][Seg-Zero]

• Track Anything: Segment Anything Meets Videos, Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Caption-Anything][Tracking-Anything-with-DEVA][tracks-to-4d]

• SAMURAI: Adapting Segment Anything Model for Zero-Shot Visual Tracking with Motion-Aware Memory, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][EfficientTAM]

• OMG-LLaVA: Bridging Image-level, Object-level, Pixel-level Reasoning and Understanding, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Perceive Anything: Recognize, Explain, Caption, and Segment Anything in Images and Videos, Lin et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Urban Socio-Semantic Segmentation with Vision-Language Reasoning, Wang et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code]

• [MMSegmentation][MMDeploy][Painter]

9. Video

• VideoMAE: Masked Autoencoders are Data-Efficient Learners for Self-Supervised Video Pre-Training, Tong et al., NeurIPS 2022 Spotlight. [paper][code][VideoMAE V2]

• Make-A-Protagonist: Generic Video Editing with An Ensemble of Experts, Zhao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• MagicVideo-V2: Multi-Stage High-Aesthetic Video Generation, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]

• V-JEPA 2: Self-Supervised Video Models Enable Understanding, Prediction and Planning, Assran et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][V-JEPA 2 Blogpost][V-JEPA][V-JEPA 2.1][I-JEPA][jepa-intuitive-physics][LLM-JEPA][VL-JEPA][DINO-WM][Navigation World Models][LeWorldModel]

• VideoMamba: State Space Model for Efficient Video Understanding, Li et al., ECCV 2024. [paper][code]

• VideoChat: Chat-Centric Video Understanding, Li et al., CVPR 2024 Highlight. [paper][code][VideoChat-R1]

• Video-ChatGPT: Towards Detailed Video Understanding via Large Vision and Language Models, Maaz et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][Video-LLaMA][MovieChat][Chat-UniVi][GPT4Scene-and-VLN-R1]

• MVBench: A Comprehensive Multi-modal Video Understanding Benchmark, Li et al., CVPR 2024 Highlight. [paper][code][PhyGenBench][VideoReasonBench]

• OmAgent: A Multi-modal Agent Framework for Complex Video Understanding with Task Divide-and-Conquer, Zhang et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code][vision-agent]

• Tarsier: Recipes for Training and Evaluating Large Video Description Models, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Tarsier2]

• MiraData: A Large-Scale Video Dataset with Long Durations and Structured Captions, Ju et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• MIMO: Controllable Character Video Synthesis with Spatial Decomposed Modeling, Men et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MIMO-pytorch][StableV2V][SpatialLM][Spatial-MLLM]

• Video-XL: Extra-Long Vision Language Model for Hour-Scale Video Understanding, Shu et al., CVPR 2025. [paper][code][Video-XL-Pro][Video-XL-2][LongVU][VisionZip][TimeChat][STORM][BIMBA][Vamba][VideoMind][chapter-llama][ViLAMP][VideoDeepResearch][Video-RAG][VideoDR-Benchmark]

• Enhance-A-Video: Better Generated Video for Free, Luo et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][VideoSys][Magic-1-For-1]

• Sa2VA: Marrying SAM2 with LLaVA for Dense Grounded Understanding of Images and Videos, Yuan et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Vidi]

• VideoWorld: Exploring Knowledge Learning from Unlabeled Videos, Ren et al., CVPR 2025. [paper][code][VideoWorld 2][LWM][iVideoGPT][VideoAgent][ViMax]

• Scaling Instruction-Based Video Editing with a High-Quality Synthetic Dataset, Bai et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][CoDeF][FireRed-OpenStoryline][UniVideo]

• [Awesome-LLMs-for-Video-Understanding][person_search]

10. Survey for CV

• ConvNet vs Transformer, Supervised vs CLIP: Beyond ImageNet Accuracy, Vishniakov et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Pre-Trained Vision Models: A Survey, Xin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

---

Multimodal

1. Audio

• Whisper: Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision, Radford et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code][whisper.cpp][faster-whisper][WhisperFusion][whisper-diarization][OLMoASR]

• WhisperX: Time-Accurate Speech Transcription of Long-Form Audio, Bain et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Distil-Whisper: Robust Knowledge Distillation via Large-Scale Pseudo Labelling，Gandhi et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Speculative Decoding for 2x Faster Whisper Inference, Sanchit Gandhi, HuggingFace Blog 2023. [blog][paper]

• VALL-E: Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][CR-CTC]

• VALL-E-X: Speak Foreign Languages with Your Own Voice: Cross-Lingual Neural Codec Language Modeling, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][VALL-E-X][edge-tts][VibeVoice]

• Seamless: Multilingual Expressive and Streaming Speech Translation, Seamless Communication et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][audiocraft]

• SeamlessM4T: Massively Multilingual & Multimodal Machine Translation, Seamless Communication et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• StyleTTS 2: Towards Human-Level Text-to-Speech through Style Diffusion and Adversarial Training with Large Speech Language Models, Li et al., NeurIPS 2023. [paper][code][DMOSpeech2][Kokoro-82M][kokoro-onnx]

• Amphion: An Open-Source Audio, Music and Speech Generation Toolkit, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][FoleyCrafter][vta-ldm][MMAudio][Kling-Foley][ThinkSound][Fun-CineForge][video-SALMONN-2][AudioStory][HunyuanVideo-Foley][JoVA][MOVA][JavisDiT][daVinci-MagiHuman]

• VITS: Conditional Variational Autoencoder with Adversarial Learning for End-to-End Text-to-Speech, Kim et al., ICML 2021. [paper][code][Bert-VITS2][so-vits-svc-fork][GPT-SoVITS][VITS-fast-fine-tuning]

• OpenVoice: Versatile Instant Voice Cloning, Qin et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][MockingBird][clone-voice][Real-Time-Voice-Cloning][FlashLabs-Chroma]

• Spirit LM: Interleaved Spoken and Written Language Model, Nguyen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][slamkit][Llasa]

• NaturalSpeech 3: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis with Factorized Codec and Diffusion Models, Ju et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][NaturalSpeech][e2-tts-pytorch]

• VoiceCraft: Zero-Shot Speech Editing and Text-to-Speech in the Wild, Peng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• WavLLM: Towards Robust and Adaptive Speech Large Language Model, Hu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Hallo: Hierarchical Audio-Driven Visual Synthesis for Portrait Image Animation, Xu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][hallo2][hallo3][champ][PersonaTalk][JoyVASA][memo][EDTalk][LatentSync]

• StreamSpeech: Simultaneous Speech-to-Speech Translation with Multi-task Learning, Zhang et al., ACL 2024. [paper][code][LLaMA-Omni][LLaMA-Omni2][SLED-TTS][Stream-Omni][SpeechGPT][SpeechGPT-2.0-preview][MOSS-TTSD][MOSS-TTS]

• Enhancing Audiovisual Speech Recognition through Bifocal Preference Optimization, Wu et al., AAAI 2025. [paper][code]

• FunAudioLLM: Voice Understanding and Generation Foundation Models for Natural Interaction Between Humans and LLMs, Tongyi Speech Team, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][CosyVoice][CosyVoice 2][CosyVoice 3][SenseVoice][Fun-ASR][Fun-Audio-Chat][MinMo]

• Qwen2-Audio Technical Report, Chu et al., arxiv 2024. [blog][paper][code][Qwen-Audio][Qwen2.5-Omni][Qwen3-Omni][CoGenAV]

• Qwen3-TTS Technical Report, Hu et al., arxiv 2026. [paper][code][Qwen3-ASR]

• GLM-4-Voice: Towards Intelligent and Human-Like End-to-End Spoken Chatbot, Zeng et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][VoxCPM][GLM-ASR][GLM-TTS]

• WavTokenizer: an Efficient Acoustic Discrete Codec Tokenizer for Audio Language Modeling, Ji et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][WavChat][Diffusion-Speech-Tokenizer]

• Language Model Can Listen While Speaking, Ma et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][demo]

• Mini-Omni: Language Models Can Hear, Talk While Thinking in Streaming, Xie et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][mini-omni2][Mini-Omni-Reasoner][moshi][LLaMA-Omni][OpenOmni][Voila][MGM-Omni]

• F5-TTS: A Fairytaler that Fakes Fluent and Faithful Speech with Flow Matching, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][FireRedTTS][FireRedTTS-2][FireRedASR][FireRedASR2S][FireRedChat][Seed-TTS][IndexTTS][MegaTTS3][TangoFlux][F5R-TTS][Muyan-TTS][ZipVoice]

• Spark-TTS: An Efficient LLM-Based Text-to-Speech Model with Single-Stream Decoupled Speech Tokens, Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][VoxBox]

• Fish-Speech: Leveraging Large Language Models for Advanced Multilingual Text-to-Speech Synthesis, Liao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Bert-VITS2][Fish Audio S2]

• YuE: Scaling Open Foundation Models for Long-Form Music Generation, Yuan et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][AutoMV][MuQ][SongGeneration][SongBloom][musiclm-pytorch][Seed-Music][XMusic][MusicGen][InspireMusic][SongGen][NotaGen][DiffRhythm][MusiCoT][ACE-Step][ACE-Step-1.5]

• Step-Audio: Unified Understanding and Generation in Intelligent Speech Interaction, Step-Audio Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Step-Audio2][Step-Audio-EditX][Step-Audio-R1][ACE-Step][Baichuan-Audio][MiniMax-Speech][Audio Flamingo Next][Voxtral]

• Kimi-Audio Technical Report, KimiTeam, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Higgs Audio V2][MiMo-Audio][OmniVoice][Eureka-Audio]

• AudioX: Diffusion Transformer for Anything-to-Audio Generation, Tian et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Audio-Omni]

• VibeVoice Technical Report, Peng et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][VIBEVOICE-ASR][Omnilingual ASR][PersonaPlex]

• SAM Audio: Segment Anything in Audio, Shi et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Github Repositories

• [coqui-ai/TTS][suno-ai/bark][ChatTTS][fish-speech][CSM][WhisperSpeech][MeloTTS][parler-tts][MARS5-TTS][metavoice-src][OuteTTS][RealtimeTTS][RealtimeSTT][RealtimeVoiceChat][Zonos][Orpheus-TTS][MegaTTS3][index-tts][dia][Chatterbox TTS][KittenTTS]

• [stable-audio-tools][Qwen-Audio][pyannote-audio][ims-toucan][AudioLCM][speech-to-speech][ichigo][TEN-Agent][UltraEval-Audio][NovaSR]

• [FunASR][FunClip][FunAudioLLM][wenet][TeleSpeech-ASR][EmotiVoice][nanospeech][R1-AQA][PlayDiffusion]

• [SadTalker][Wav2Lip][video-retalking][SadTalker-Video-Lip-Sync][LatentSync][AniPortrait][GeneFacePlusPlus][V-Express][MuseTalk][EchoMimic][echomimic_v2][MimicTalk][Real3DPortrait][MiniMates][Linly-Talker][MultiTalk][InfiniteTalk][SoulX-FlashTalk]

• [Retrieval-based-Voice-Conversion-WebUI][Awesome-ChatTTS][VoiceHub]

• [speech-trident][AudioNotes][pyvideotrans][VideoLingo][outspeed][VideoChat][MMAudio][pipecat][PDF2Audio][Open-LLM-VTuber]

2. Blip

• ALBEF: Align before Fuse: Vision and Language Representation Learning with Momentum Distillation, Li et al., NeurIPS 2021. [paper][code]
• BLIP: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training for Unified Vision-Language Understanding and Generation, Li et al., ICML 2022. [paper][code][laion-coco]
• BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models, Li et al., ICML 2023. [paper][code]
• InstructBLIP: Towards General-purpose Vision-Language Models with Instruction Tuning, Dai et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• X-InstructBLIP: A Framework for aligning X-Modal instruction-aware representations to LLMs and Emergent Cross-modal Reasoning, Panagopoulou et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]
• xGen-MM (BLIP-3): A Family of Open Large Multimodal Models, Xue et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• xGen-VideoSyn-1: High-fidelity Text-to-Video Synthesis with Compressed Representations, Qin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• xGen-MM-Vid (BLIP-3-Video): You Only Need 32 Tokens to Represent a Video Even in VLMs, Ryoo et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]
• BLIP3-o: A Family of Fully Open Unified Multimodal Models-Architecture, Training and Dataset, Chen et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]
• LAVIS: A Library for Language-Vision Intelligence, Li et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]
• VLMo: Unified Vision-Language Pre-Training with Mixture-of-Modality-Experts, Bao et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code]
• BEiT: BERT Pre-Training of Image Transformers, Bao et al., ICLR 2022 Oral presentation. [paper][code]
• BeiT-V3: Image as a Foreign Language: BEiT Pretraining for All Vision and Vision-Language Tasks, Wang et al., CVPR 2023. [paper][code]

3. Clip

• CLIP: Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision, Radford et al., ICML 2021. [paper][code][OpenCLIP][clip-as-service][SigLIP][EVA][DIVA][Clip-Forge][CLIP Benchmark]
• DALL-E2: Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents, Ramesh et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]
• GLIPv2: Unifying Localization and Vision-Language Understanding, Zhang et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code][GLIGEN]
• SigLIP: Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Training, Zhai et al, arxiv 2023. [paper][SigLIP 2][siglip]
• EVA-CLIP: Improved Training Techniques for CLIP at Scale, Sun et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][EVA-CLIP-18B][FG-CLIP][TokLIP][RWKV-CLIP]
• Chinese CLIP: Contrastive Vision-Language Pretraining in Chinese, Yang et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]
• MetaCLIP: Demystifying CLIP Data, Xu et al., ICLR 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code][Meta CLIP 2][Scaling Language-Free Visual Representation Learning][An Exploration of Multimodal Pretraining]
• Alpha-CLIP: A CLIP Model Focusing on Wherever You Want, Sun et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Bootstrap3D]
• MMVP: Eyes Wide Shut? Exploring the Visual Shortcomings of Multimodal LLMs, Tong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• MobileCLIP: Fast Image-Text Models through Multi-Modal Reinforced Training, Vasu et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code][MobileCLIP2][FastVLM]
• Long-CLIP: Unlocking the Long-Text Capability of CLIP, Zhang et al., ECCV 2024. [paper][code][Inf-CLIP]
• CLOC: Contrastive Localized Language-Image Pre-Training, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper]
• LLM2CLIP: Powerful Language Model Unlock Richer Visual Representation, Huang et al., AAAI 2026 Outstanding Paper. [paper][code]
• SuperClass: Classification Done Right for Vision-Language Pre-Training, Huang et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code]
• AIM-v2: Multimodal Autoregressive Pre-training of Large Vision Encoders, Fini et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]
• Scaling Pre-training to One Hundred Billion Data for Vision Language Models, Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][Scaling Vision Pre-Training to 4K Resolution][PS3]
• OpenVision: A Fully-Open, Cost-Effective Family of Advanced Vision Encoders for Multimodal Learning, Li et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][OpenVision 2][OpenVision 3][Recap-DataComp-1B][CLIPS]

4. Diffusion Model

• Tutorial on Diffusion Models for Imaging and Vision, Stanley H. Chan, arxiv 2024. [paper][diffusion-models-class][The Principles of Diffusion Models][A deep dive into DDPMs][What are Diffusion Models]

• Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models, Ho et al., NeurIPS 2020. [paper][code][Pytorch Implementation][RDDM]

• Improved Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models, Nichol and Dhariwal, ICML 2021. [paper][code]

• Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis, Dhariwal and Nichol, NeurIPS 2021. [paper][code]

• Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidance, Ho and Salimans, NeurIPS 2021. [paper][code]

• GLIDE: Towards Photorealistic Image Generation and Editing with Text-Guided Diffusion Models, Nichol et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][code]

• DALL-E2: Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents, Ramesh et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code][dalle-mini]

• Stable-Diffusion: High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models, Rombach et al., CVPR 2022. [paper][code][CompVis/stable-diffusion][Stability-AI/stablediffusion][ml-stable-diffusion][cleandift]

• SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesis, Podell et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][SDXL-Lightning]

• Introducing Stable Cascade, Stability AI, 2024. [link][code][model]

• SDXL-Turbo: Adversarial Diffusion Distillation, Sauer et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• LCM: Latent Consistency Models: Synthesizing High-Resolution Images with Few-Step Inference, Luo et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Hyper-SD][DMD2][ddim][Improved Mean Flows][Pixel Mean Flows]

• LCM-LoRA: A Universal Stable-Diffusion Acceleration Module, Luo et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][diffusion-forcing][InstaFlow]

• Stable Diffusion 3: Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis, Esser et al., ICML 2024 Best Paper. [paper][model][mmdit]

• SD3-Turbo: Fast High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Adversarial Diffusion Distillation, Sauer et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][SD3.5]

• StreamDiffusion: A Pipeline-level Solution for Real-time Interactive Generation, Kodaira et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][StreamDiffusionV2]

• DiffuseKronA: A Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning Method for Personalized Diffusion Models, Marjit et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Video Diffusion Models, Ho et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• Stable Video Diffusion: Scaling Latent Video Diffusion Models to Large Datasets, Blattmann et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Stable Video 4D][VideoCrafter][Video-Infinity]

• Consistency Models, Song et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Consistency Decoder]

• sCM: Simplifying, Stabilizing and Scaling Continuous-Time Consistency Models, Lu and Song, arxiv 2024. [paper][blog][rCM]

• A Survey on Video Diffusion Models, Xing et al., srxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Diffusion Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Methods and Applications, Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Unified Latents]

• MAGVIT2: Language Model Beats Diffusion -- Tokenizer is Key to Visual Generation, Yu et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][magvit2-pytorch][Open-MAGVIT2][LlamaGen]

• The Chosen One: Consistent Characters in Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, Avrahami et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• U-ViT: All are Worth Words: A ViT Backbone for Diffusion Models, Bao et al., CVPR 2023. [paper][code][RIFLEx]

• UniDiffuser: One Transformer Fits All Distributions in Multi-Modal Diffusion, Bao et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Matryoshka Diffusion Models, Gu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• SEDD: Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distribution, Lou et al., ICML 2024 Best Paper. [paper][code]

• l-DAE: Deconstructing Denoising Diffusion Models for Self-Supervised Learning, Chen et al., ICLR 2025. [paper]

• DiT: Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers, Peebles et al., ICCV 2023 Oral. [paper][code][VideoSys][MDT][fast-DiT][FastVideo][xDiT][PipeFusion][rlt][U-DiT][LightningDiT][RAE][SVG]

• SiT: Exploring Flow and Diffusion-based Generative Models with Scalable Interpolant Transformers, Ma et al., ECCV 2024. [paper][code][DDT][REPA-E]

• Hyper-SD: Trajectory Segmented Consistency Model for Efficient Image Synthesis, Ren et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][model][AdaCache]

• Inf-DiT: Upsampling Any-Resolution Image with Memory-Efficient Diffusion Transformer, Yang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Diffusion Forcing: Next-token Prediction Meets Full-Sequence Diffusion, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Stretching Each Dollar: Diffusion Training from Scratch on a Micro-Budget, Sehwag et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][tiny-stable-diffusion]

• Training Video Foundation Models with NVIDIA NeMo, Patel et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Transfusion: Predict the Next Token and Diffuse Images with One Multi-Modal Model, Zhou et al. ICLR 2025. [paper][transfusion-pytorch][chameleon][MonoFormer][MetaMorph][LMFusion][MetaQueries][OpenUni][Token-Shuffle]

• REPA: Representation Alignment for Generation: Training Diffusion Transformers Is Easier Than You Think, Yu et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][VideoREPA]

• In-Context LoRA for Diffusion Transformers, Huang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• SVDQuant: Absorbing Outliers by Low-Rank Components for 4-Bit Diffusion Models, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][SnapGen]

• Training-free Regional Prompting for Diffusion Transformers, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Add-it][RAG-Diffusion][DiTCtrl]

• Inference-Time Scaling for Diffusion Models beyond Scaling Denoising Steps, Ma et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][SANA 1.5][Image-Generation-CoT][Reflect-DiT][T2I-R1][Video-T1][ttt-video-dit][SRPO][Spatial-TTT]

• DiffMoE: Dynamic Token Selection for Scalable Diffusion Transformers, Shi et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Expert Race]

• TurboDiffusion: Accelerating Video Diffusion Models by 100-200 Times, Zhang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][fast-DiT][FastVideo][xDiT]

• Github Repositories

• [Awesome-Diffusion-Models][Awesome-Video-Diffusion]

• [stable-diffusion-webui][stable-diffusion-webui-colab][sd-webui-controlnet][stable-diffusion-webui-forge][automatic]

• [Fooocus][Omost]

• [ComfyUI][streamlit][gradio][ComfyUI-Workflows-ZHO][ComfyUI_Bxb][ComfyUI-Manager][ComfyUI-Copilot]

• [diffusers][DiffSynth-Studio][diffusion-pipe]

5. Multimodal LLM

• LLaVA: Visual Instruction Tuning, Liu et al., NeurIPS 2023 Oral. [paper][code][LLaVA-Pretrain Dataset][ViP-LLaVA][LLaVA-pp][TinyLLaVA_Factory][LLaVA-RLHF][LLaVA-KD]

• LLaVA-1.5: Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning, Liu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][LLaVA-UHD][LLaVA-HR]

• LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave: Tackling Multi-image, Video, and 3D in Large Multimodal Models, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LLaVA-Plus-Codebase][Open-LLaVA-NeXT][MG-LLaVA][LongVA][LongLLaVA][LLaVA-Mini]

• LLaVA-OneVision: Easy Visual Task Transfer, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][FastVLM][LLaVA-OneVision-1.5]

• LLaVA-Video: Video Instruction Tuning With Synthetic Data, Zhang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][LLaVA-Critic][LLaVA-Critic-R1][LLaVA-Video-178K][VLog]

• LLaVA-Med: Training a Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Biomedicine in One Day, Li et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Video-LLaVA: Learning United Visual Representation by Alignment Before Projection, Lin et al., EMNLP 2024. [paper][code][PLLaVA][ml-slowfast-llava]

• MoE-LLaVA: Mixture of Experts for Large Vision-Language Models, Lin et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Visualization]

• MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Models, Zhu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][MiniGPT-4-ZH]

• MiniGPT-v2: large language model as a unified interface for vision-language multi-task learning, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• MiniGPT4-Video: Advancing Multimodal LLMs for Video Understanding with Interleaved Visual-Textual Tokens, Ataallah et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• MiniGPT-5: Interleaved Vision-and-Language Generation via Generative Vokens, Zheng et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning, Alayrac et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][OpenFlamingo][flamingo-pytorch]

• Video-LLaMA: An Instruction-tuned Audio-Visual Language Model for Video Understanding, Zhang et al., EMNLP 2023. [paper][code][VideoLLaMA2][VideoLLaMA3][VideoRefer][VideoLLM-online][LLaMA-VID]

• BuboGPT: Enabling Visual Grounding in Multi-Modal LLMs, Zhao et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][OFA][AnyGPT]

• Emu: Generative Pretraining in Multimodality, Sun et al., ICLR 2024. [paper][code]

• Emu3: Next-Token Prediction is All You Need, Wang et al., Nature 2026. [nature paper][arxiv paper][code][Emu3.5]

• EVE: Unveiling Encoder-Free Vision-Language Models, Diao et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][EVEv2][Mono-InternVL][NEO]

• DreamLLM: Synergistic Multimodal Comprehension and Creation, Dong et al., ICLR 2024 Spotlight. [paper][code][dreambench_plus]

• Meta-Transformer: A Unified Framework for Multimodal Learning, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][OneLLM]

• NExT-GPT: Any-to-Any Multimodal LLM, Wu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Visual ChatGPT: Talking, Drawing and Editing with Visual Foundation Models, Wu et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• SoM: Set-of-Mark Prompting Unleashes Extraordinary Visual Grounding in GPT-4V, Yang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Ferret: Refer and Ground Anything Anywhere at Any Granularity, You et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][Ferret-UI][Ferret-UI 2]

• 4M-21: An Any-to-Any Vision Model for Tens of Tasks and Modalities, Bachmann et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][MM1.5]

• CogVLM: Visual Expert for Pretrained Language Models, Wang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][VisualGLM-6B][CogCoM]

• CogVLM2: Visual Language Models for Image and Video Understanding, Hong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][glm-4v-9b]

• GLM-4.5V and GLM-4.1V-Thinking: Towards Versatile Multimodal Reasoning with Scalable Reinforcement Learning, GLM-V Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyond, Bai et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Qwen2-VL: Enhancing Vision-Language Model's Perception of the World at Any Resolution, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][modeling_qwen2_vl.py][qwen2.5-vl blog][finetune-Qwen2-VL][Qwen2-VL-Finetune][Oryx][Video-XL][Video-ChatGPT]

• Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report, Bai et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][modeling_qwen2_5_vl.py]

• Qwen3-VL Technical Report, Bai et al., arxiv 2025. [blog][paper][code]

• Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report, Xu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][OmniTalker][Qwen VLo]

• Qwen3-Omni Technical Report, Qwen Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][LongCat-Flash-Omni Technical Report][OmniVinci]

• InternLM-XComposer: A Vision-Language Large Model for Advanced Text-image Comprehension and Composition, Zhang et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][InternLM-XComposer2.5-OmniLive][InternLM-XComposer2.5-Reward]

• InternVL: Scaling up Vision Foundation Models and Aligning for Generic Visual-Linguistic Tasks, Chen et al., CVPR 2024 Oral. [paper][code][InternVL1.5 paper][Mono-InternVL][InternVL2.5 paper][InternVL3][InternVL3.5][InternVL-Data][InternVL-U]

• InternVideo2.5: Empowering Video MLLMs with Long and Rich Context Modeling, Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][InternVideo][InternVid]

• DeepSeek-VL: Towards Real-World Vision-Language Understanding, Lu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• DeepSeek-VL2: Mixture-of-Experts Vision-Language Models for Advanced Multimodal Understanding, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• Janus: Decoupling Visual Encoding for Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation, Wu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][JanusFlow]

• Janus-Pro: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Generation with Data and Model Scaling, Chen et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code]

• Seed1.5-VL Technical Report, ByteDance Seed, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Seed-1.8][VeOmni][Kimi-VL][MiMo-VL][Kwai Keye-VL][Step3-VL-10B][Phi-4-reasoning-vision-15B]

• ShareGPT4V: Improving Large Multi-Modal Models with Better Captions, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][ShareGPT-4o-Image]

• ShareGPT4Video: Improving Video Understanding and Generation with Better Captions, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• TinyGPT-V: Efficient Multimodal Large Language Model via Small Backbones, Yuan et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Monkey: Image Resolution and Text Label Are Important Things for Large Multi-modal Models, Li et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code]

• Vary: Scaling up the Vision Vocabulary for Large Vision-Language Models, Wei et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• Vary-toy: Small Language Model Meets with Reinforced Vision Vocabulary, Wei et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Slow-Perception]

• VILA: On Pre-training for Visual Language Models, Lin et al., CVPR 2024. [paper][code][LongVILA][Eagle][NVLM][NVILA][Describe Anything]

• POINTS1.5: Building a Vision-Language Model towards Real World Applications, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][POINTS][POINTS-Reader][POINTS-GUI][Multi-Modal Generative Embedding Model][Number it: Temporal Grounding Videos like Flipping Manga][Valley][RDTF][KuaiMod][Penguin-VL]

• LWM: World Model on Million-Length Video And Language With RingAttention, Liu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][World Models][Navigation World Models][iVideoGPT][VideoWorld][OpenDWM][Matrix-Game][Matrix-Game 2.0][Matrix-Game 3.0]

• Cosmos World Foundation Model Platform for Physical AI, NVIDIA, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Cosmos-Tokenizer][Genesis][mujoco_menagerie][Aether][DreamZero][DreamDojo][GeoPT][WorldEngine]

• HunyuanWorld 1.0: Generating Immersive, Explorable, and Interactive 3D Worlds from Words or Pixels, HunyuanWorld Team, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][HY-World 2.0][HunyuanWorld-Voyager][HunyuanWorld-Mirror][HY-WorldPlay][WorldCompass][FlashWorld][WorldFM]

• Advancing Open-source World Models, Robbyant Team, arxiv 2026. [paper][code][LingBot-VA][LingBot-Map][ABot-PhysWorld][Reasoning-Visual-World][Motus]

• Chameleon: Mixed-Modal Early-Fusion Foundation Models, Chameleon Team, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][X-Prompt]

• Uni-MoE: Scaling Unified Multimodal LLMs with Mixture of Experts, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Uni-MoE-2.0-Omni][Awesome-Large-Multimodal-Reasoning-Models]

• RL4VLM: Fine-Tuning Large Vision-Language Models as Decision-Making Agents via Reinforcement Learning, Zhai et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][RLHF-V][RLAIF-V][MM-RLHF][OmniAlign-V][VisRL][Reason-RFT][MM-UPT][GRPO-CARE][X-Omni]

• Visual-RFT: Visual Reinforcement Fine-Tuning, Liu et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Visual-ARFT][UnifiedReward][R1-Reward][Skywork-VL Reward][V-Triune]

• OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model, Kim et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][openpi][π0][open-pi-zero][Emma-X][RoboVLMs][RoboFlamingo][SpatialVLA][SpatialLM][Hybrid-VLA][OpenVLA-OFT][UniVLA][UniVLA BAAI][SimpleVLA-RL][SmolVLA][WorldVLA][villa-X][VLAC][BayesianVLA][Being-H0.5][LingBot-VLA][Xiaomi-Robotics-0][Dexbotic][VLANeXt][Psi-Zero][starVLA]

• Magma: A Foundation Model for Multimodal AI Agents, Yang et al., CVPR 2025. [paper][code]

• Video-MME: The First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-modal LLMs in Video Analysis, Fu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Video-MME-v2][MME-RealWorld][lmms-eval][VLMEvalKit][multimodal-needle-in-a-haystack][MM-NIAH][VideoNIAH][ChartMimic][WildVision][HourVideo][MME-VideoOCR]

• MM-Vet v2: A Challenging Benchmark to Evaluate Large Multimodal Models for Integrated Capabilities, Yu et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][UniBench: Visual Reasoning Requires Rethinking Vision-Language Beyond Scaling][Thinking in Space]

• Cambrian-1: A Fully Open, Vision-Centric Exploration of Multimodal LLMs, Tong et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Cambrian-S][LVLM_Interpretation]

• video-SALMONN: Speech-Enhanced Audio-Visual Large Language Models, Sun et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][video-SALMONN-2]

• ANOLE: An Open, Autoregressive, Native Large Multimodal Models for Interleaved Image-Text Generation, Chern et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Orthus]

• PaliGemma: A versatile 3B VLM for transfer, Beyer et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][pytorch-paligemma][PaliGemma 2]

• Pixtral 12B, Agrawal et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][webpage][Pixtral-12B-2409][Pixtral-Large-Instruct-2411][Mistral Small 3.1]

• MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phone, Yao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][blog][MiniCPM-V 4.5][VisCPM][RLHF-V][RLAIF-V][BlueLM-2.5-3B Technical Report]

• VITA: Towards Open-Source Interactive Omni Multimodal LLM, Fu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Tencent/VITA][VITA-1.5][Freeze-Omni][Long-VITA][VITA-Audio][Lyra][Ola]

• Show-o: One Single Transformer to Unify Multimodal Understanding and Generation, Xie et al., ICLR 2025. [paper][code][Show-o2][D-AR][UniRL][Show-o-Turbo][OmniGen][Transfusion][VILA-U][LWM][VARGPT][HermesFlow][SAIL]

• MIO: A Foundation Model on Multimodal Tokens, Wang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Emu3][Aria]

• Mini-Omni2: Towards Open-source GPT-4o with Vision, Speech and Duplex Capabilities, Xie and Wu, arxiv 2024. [paper][code][moshivis][Stream-Omni]

• LongVU: Spatiotemporal Adaptive Compression for Long Video-Language Understanding, Shen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][Video-XL][VisionZip][Apollo]

• Mixture-of-Transformers: A Sparse and Scalable Architecture for Multi-Modal Foundation Models, Liang et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Transfusion]

• Vitron: A Unified Pixel-level Vision LLM for Understanding, Generating, Segmenting, Editing, Fei et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code]

• PerceptionLM: Open-Access Data and Models for Detailed Visual Understanding, Cho et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][EgoAVU]

• Ming-Omni: A Unified Multimodal Model for Perception and Generation, Inclusion AI, Ant Group, arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Ming-Flash-Omni][M2-omni][Ming-Lite-Uni][Ming-UniVision][ViLaSR][LongCat-Next]

• BAGEL: Emerging Properties in Unified Multimodal Pretraining, Deng et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][Hyper-Bagel][UniWorld][TransDiff][GPT-Image-Edit][RecA][LaViDa-O][DeepGen][Cheers][JoyAI-Image]

• Skywork UniPic: Unified Autoregressive Modeling for Visual Understanding and Generation Wang et al., arxiv 2025. [paper][code][NEO]

• [MiniCPM-V][moondream][MobileVLM][OmniFusion][Bunny][MiCo][Vitron][mPLUG-Owl][mPLUG-DocOwl][Ovis][Ovis-U1][Aria][unicom][Infini-Megrez]

• [datacomp][MMDU][MINT-1T][OpenVid-1M][SkyScript-100M][FineVideo]

• [mllm][lmms-finetune]

6. Text2Image

• DALL-E: Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation, Ramesh et al., arxiv 2021. [paper][code]

• DALL-E3: Improving Image Generation with Better Captions, Betker et al., OpenAI 2023. [paper][code][blog][Glyph-ByT5][GPT-ImgEval]

• ControlNet: Adding Conditional Control to Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, Zhang et al., ICCV 2023 Marr Prize. [paper][code][ControlNet_Plus_Plus][ControlNeXt][ControlAR][OminiControl][ROICtrl]

• T2I-Adapter: Learning Adapters to Dig out More Controllable Ability for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, Mou et al., AAAI 2024. [paper][code]

• AnyText: Multilingual Visual Text Generation And Editing, Tuo et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][TextHarmony][FluxText][UniCalli]

• RPG: Mastering Text-to-Image Diffusion: Recaptioning, Planning, and Generating with Multimodal LLMs, Yang et al., ICML 2024. [paper][code][IterComp]

• LAION-5B: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models, Schuhmann et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][code][blog][laion-coco][multimodal_textbook][kangas]

• DeepFloyd IF: Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding, Saharia et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• Imagen: Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding, Saharia et al., NeurIPS 2022. [paper][unofficial code][Imagen Video]

• Instruct-Imagen: Image Generation with Multi-modal Instruction, Hu et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][Imagen 3][Generative modelling in latent space]

• CogView: Mastering Text-to-Image Generation via Transformers, Ding et al., NeurIPS 2021. [paper][code][ImageReward]

• CogView2: Faster and Better Text-to-Image Generation via Hierarchical Transformers, Ding et al., arxiv 2022. [paper][code]

• CogView3: Finer and Faster Text-to-Image Generation via Relay Diffusion, Zheng et al., ECCV 2024. [paper][code][CogView4][CogKit]

• TextDiffuser: Diffusion Models as Text Painters, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• TextDiffuser-2: Unleashing the Power of Language Models for Text Rendering, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• PixArt-α: Fast Training of Diffusion Transformer for Photorealistic Text-to-Image Synthesis, Chen et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code]

• PIXART-δ: Fast and Controllable Image Generation with Latent Consistency Models, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• PixArt-Σ: Weak-to-Strong Training of Diffusion Transformer for 4K Text-to-Image Generation, Chen et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• IP-Adapter: Text Compatible Image Prompt Adapter for Text-to-Image Diffusion Models, Ye et al., arxiv 2023. [paper][code][ID-Animator][InstantID]

• Controllable Generation with Text-to-Image Diffusion Models: A Survey, Cao et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code]

• StoryDiffusion: Consistent Self-Attention for Long-Range Image and Video Generation, Zhou et al., NeurIPS 2024. [paper][code][AutoStudio][story-adapter]

• Hunyuan-DiT: A Powerful Multi-Resolution Diffusion Transformer with Fine-Grained Chinese Understanding, Li et al., arxiv 2024. [paper][code][PromptEnhancer][HY-WU][Hunyuan3D-1][Hunyuan3D-2][Hunyuan3D-2.1][Hunyuan3D-Omni][[HunyuanWorld-1

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